1. Who is considered the father of modern psychology?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) John Watson
D) B.F. Skinner
Answer: B) Wilhelm Wundt
Explanation: Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of modern psychology due to his establishment of the first psychology laboratory in 1879 at Leipzig University.
2. Which school of psychology focuses on the study of observable behavior?
A) Psychoanalysis
B) Behaviorism
C) Structuralism
D) Functionalism
Answer: B) Behaviorism
Explanation: Behaviorism, primarily associated with John Watson and B.F. Skinner, focuses on the study of observable behavior, ignoring internal mental states.
3. Which of the following is the primary focus of structuralism in psychology?
A) Behavior
B) Mental processes
C) Evolution
D) Perception
Answer: B) Mental processes
Explanation: Structuralism, founded by Edward Titchener, focused on breaking down mental processes into their most basic components to understand the structure of the mind.
4. The idea of introspection, used to study the contents of consciousness, was a major concept of which school of thought?
A) Structuralism
B) Functionalism
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Behaviorism
Answer: A) Structuralism
Explanation: Structuralism relied on introspection as a method to analyze and report on conscious experiences, pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt.
5. Who developed the theory of psychoanalysis?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Carl Rogers
C) John Watson
D) Abraham Maslow
Answer: A) Sigmund Freud
Explanation: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, emphasizing unconscious desires, childhood experiences, and the structure of personality (id, ego, superego).
6. Which approach in psychology emphasizes the function of mental and behavioral processes in adapting to the environment?
A) Functionalism
B) Structuralism
C) Gestalt psychology
D) Behaviorism
Answer: A) Functionalism
Explanation: Functionalism, pioneered by William James, emphasized the purpose and function of mental processes and behaviors in adapting to the environment.
7. Which psychologist is known for the theory of classical conditioning?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) B.F. Skinner
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) Carl Jung
Answer: C) Ivan Pavlov
Explanation: Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research on classical conditioning, particularly his work with dogs salivating at the sound of a bell.
8. What was the major contribution of Carl Rogers to psychology?
A) Behaviorism
B) Humanistic psychology
C) Classical conditioning
D) Psychoanalysis
Answer: B) Humanistic psychology
Explanation: Carl Rogers, along with Abraham Maslow, is a central figure in humanistic psychology, emphasizing self-actualization and personal growth.
9. Which psychological theory emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences?
A) Behaviorism
B) Humanism
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Cognitive psychology
Answer: C) Psychoanalysis
Explanation: Psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud, focuses on unconscious processes, the significance of early childhood experiences, and the structure of personality.
10. Who is known for developing the concept of the “unconscious mind”?
A) B.F. Skinner
B) Carl Rogers
C) Sigmund Freud
D) William James
Answer: C) Sigmund Freud
Explanation: Freud introduced the concept of the unconscious mind, arguing that much of human behavior is influenced by unconscious desires and memories.
11. Which approach in psychology focuses on the study of how people think, remember, and process information?
A) Cognitive psychology
B) Behavioral psychology
C) Humanistic psychology
D) Evolutionary psychology
Answer: A) Cognitive psychology
Explanation: Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving.
12. The “Little Albert” experiment, which demonstrated the principles of classical conditioning, was conducted by which psychologist?
A) Carl Jung
B) B.F. Skinner
C) John Watson
D) Sigmund Freud
Answer: C) John Watson
Explanation: John Watson conducted the “Little Albert” experiment, showing how emotions, such as fear, could be conditioned through classical conditioning.
13. Which of the following psychologists is associated with the development of operant conditioning?
A) Albert Bandura
B) B.F. Skinner
C) Carl Rogers
D) Erik Erikson
Answer: B) B.F. Skinner
Explanation: B.F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning, which focuses on how consequences influence behavior.
14. Which theory suggests that behavior is learned through observation and imitation?
A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Social learning theory
D) Evolutionary theory
Answer: C) Social learning theory
Explanation: Albert Bandura’s social learning theory emphasizes learning through observing and imitating others, particularly in a social context.
15. Which area of psychology is focused on how people change physically, cognitively, and socially throughout their lives?
A) Cognitive psychology
B) Developmental psychology
C) Clinical psychology
D) Evolutionary psychology
Answer: B) Developmental psychology
Explanation: Developmental psychology studies how individuals grow and change throughout their lifespan, including physical, cognitive, and social aspects.
16. Which school of psychology is associated with the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts?
A) Structuralism
B) Functionalism
C) Gestalt psychology
D) Behaviorism
Answer: C) Gestalt psychology
Explanation: Gestalt psychology emphasizes that human perception and experience are holistic, and we perceive things as unified wholes, not just individual parts.
17. Which of the following psychologists developed the theory of “self-actualization”?
A) Abraham Maslow
B) Carl Rogers
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Erik Erikson
Answer: A) Abraham Maslow
Explanation: Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization being the highest level, representing the fulfillment of personal potential.
18. Which of the following is the major focus of cognitive psychology?
A) Behavior modification
B) Memory and perception
C) Unconscious motives
D) Social behavior
Answer: B) Memory and perception
Explanation: Cognitive psychology focuses on understanding mental processes such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making.
19. The scientific study of behavior in humans and animals is the primary focus of which branch of psychology?
A) Developmental psychology
B) Clinical psychology
C) Behavioral psychology
D) Humanistic psychology
Answer: C) Behavioral psychology
Explanation: Behavioral psychology is concerned with studying observable behavior in humans and animals, focusing on how behaviors are learned and reinforced.
20. Which of the following psychologists developed a theory of psychosocial development with eight stages?
A) Carl Rogers
B) Erik Erikson
C) Jean Piaget
D) Sigmund Freud
Answer: B) Erik Erikson
Explanation: Erik Erikson developed a theory of psychosocial development, proposing eight stages through which individuals pass, each involving a critical conflict.
21. Which field of psychology focuses on mental illness and psychological disorders?
A) Clinical psychology
B) Cognitive psychology
C) Forensic psychology
D) Evolutionary psychology
Answer: A) Clinical psychology
Explanation: Clinical psychology is dedicated to diagnosing and treating mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders.
22. Which type of psychology focuses on the interaction between genetic inheritance and environmental influences on behavior?
A) Evolutionary psychology
B) Cognitive psychology
C) Biological psychology
D) Social psychology
Answer: C) Biological psychology
Explanation: Biological psychology, or biopsychology, examines the relationship between the brain, nervous system, genetics, and behavior.
23. Which psychological perspective focuses on social influences and interpersonal relationships?
A) Evolutionary psychology
B) Humanistic psychology
C) Social psychology
D) Cognitive psychology
Answer: C) Social psychology
Explanation: Social psychology examines how social interactions and group dynamics influence individual behavior, attitudes, and perceptions.
24. Which of the following is a primary concern of evolutionary psychology?
A) Observing learned behavior
B) Studying unconscious drives
C) Understanding behavior through the lens of natural selection
D) Exploring personal growth and self-actualization
Answer: C) Understanding behavior through the lens of natural selection
Explanation: Evolutionary psychology examines how natural selection shapes behavior, focusing on how certain traits or behaviors may increase survival and reproduction.
25. Which early psychology school emphasized the analysis of the conscious mind by breaking it down into basic elements?
A) Structuralism
B) Functionalism
C) Behaviorism
D) Gestalt psychology
Answer: A) Structuralism
Explanation: Structuralism, led by Edward Titchener, aimed to analyze the basic elements of consciousness through introspection.
26. Which psychologist is associated with the development of the first intelligence test?
A) B.F. Skinner
B) Alfred Binet
C) Carl Jung
D) John Watson
Answer: B) Alfred Binet
Explanation: Alfred Binet, along with Théodore Simon, developed the first intelligence test in the early 20th century, which aimed to identify children in need of educational assistance.
27. Which perspective emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and childhood experiences in shaping behavior?
A) Psychoanalytic perspective
B) Behavioral perspective
C) Cognitive perspective
D) Humanistic perspective
Answer: A) Psychoanalytic perspective
Explanation: The psychoanalytic perspective, developed by Freud, emphasizes unconscious influences, childhood experiences, and internal conflicts.
28. Which field of psychology studies the psychological effects of crime, law, and legal procedures?
A) Forensic psychology
B) Clinical psychology
C) Cognitive psychology
D) Health psychology
Answer: A) Forensic psychology
Explanation: Forensic psychology focuses on the application of psychological principles in legal contexts, including assessing defendants’ mental competence and profiling criminals.
29. Who was the first to introduce the concept of “tabula rasa,” meaning the mind is a blank slate at birth?
A) John Locke
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Jean Piaget
D) William James
Answer: A) John Locke
Explanation: John Locke introduced the concept of “tabula rasa,” suggesting that humans are born without preconceived notions, and their experiences shape their minds.
30. Which of the following is a characteristic of humanistic psychology?
A) Focus on unconscious drives
B) Emphasis on self-actualization
C) Observation of overt behavior
D) Study of cognitive processes
Answer: B) Emphasis on self-actualization
Explanation: Humanistic psychology, particularly promoted by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the fulfillment of human potential.
