1. What is the main function of T-cells in the immune system?
A) Produce antibodies
B) Attack infected cells directly
C) Stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies
D) Store memory of pathogens
Answer: B) Attack infected cells directly
2. Which of the following is a primary function of B-cells?
A) Directly kill infected cells
B) Produce antibodies
C) Activate helper T-cells
D) Destroy foreign pathogens via phagocytosis
Answer: B) Produce antibodies
3. Where are T-cells primarily produced and matured?
A) Bone marrow
B) Lymph nodes
C) Thymus
D) Spleen
Answer: C) Thymus
4. Which cell type is responsible for producing antibodies against specific antigens?
A) Helper T-cells
B) Cytotoxic T-cells
C) Plasma B-cells
D) Memory T-cells
Answer: C) Plasma B-cells
5. Which type of lymphocyte is involved in the cellular immune response?
A) B-cells
B) T-cells
C) Macrophages
D) Red blood cells
Answer: B) T-cells
6. Which lymphocyte is primarily involved in the humoral immune response?
A) B-cells
B) T-cells
C) Eosinophils
D) Dendritic cells
Answer: A) B-cells
7. What is the role of helper T-cells in immunity?
A) Directly attack infected cells
B) Stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies
C) Produce antibodies
D) Suppress immune responses
Answer: B) Stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies
8. What type of immune response involves T-cells attacking and killing infected cells?
A) Innate immune response
B) Adaptive immune response
C) Humoral immune response
D) Inflammatory response
Answer: B) Adaptive immune response
9. Which of the following is produced by B-cells and is crucial in fighting infections?
A) Cytokines
B) Antibodies
C) Antigens
D) Phagocytes
Answer: B) Antibodies
10. Which T-cell subtype kills virus-infected cells and tumor cells?
A) Helper T-cells
B) Cytotoxic T-cells
C) Memory T-cells
D) Regulatory T-cells
Answer: B) Cytotoxic T-cells
11. Which of the following types of T-cells help modulate immune responses and maintain tolerance?
A) Helper T-cells
B) Cytotoxic T-cells
C) Regulatory T-cells
D) Memory T-cells
Answer: C) Regulatory T-cells
12. B-cells become activated when they encounter an antigen and:
A) Migrate to the thymus
B) Differentiate into plasma cells
C) Undergo apoptosis
D) Engage with helper T-cells
Answer: B) Differentiate into plasma cells
13. What is the primary function of memory T-cells?
A) Destroy infected cells
B) Produce antibodies
C) Remember past infections for faster immune response
D) Activate B-cells
Answer: C) Remember past infections for faster immune response
14. The immune response is most effective when both T-cells and B-cells:
A) Work independently to fight infections
B) Participate in a coordinated response
C) Are inhibited by regulatory T-cells
D) Only involve B-cells
Answer: B) Participate in a coordinated response
15. Which of the following best describes the action of cytotoxic T-cells?
A) They secrete antibodies
B) They destroy infected or cancerous cells
C) They activate other immune cells
D) They produce memory cells
Answer: B) They destroy infected or cancerous cells
16. B-cells and T-cells both originate from which type of stem cell?
A) Erythropoietic stem cells
B) Hematopoietic stem cells
C) Mesenchymal stem cells
D) Neural stem cells
Answer: B) Hematopoietic stem cells
17. Which of the following describes the difference between plasma cells and memory B-cells?
A) Plasma cells are short-lived and produce antibodies, while memory B-cells are long-lived and provide immunity to future infections
B) Plasma cells do not produce antibodies, while memory B-cells do
C) Plasma cells are involved in the humoral immune response, while memory B-cells are not
D) Memory B-cells attack infected cells, while plasma cells only produce antibodies
Answer: A) Plasma cells are short-lived and produce antibodies, while memory B-cells are long-lived and provide immunity to future infections
18. How do T-cells recognize infected cells?
A) By recognizing antigens presented on MHC molecules
B) By recognizing antibodies on the surface of pathogens
C) By direct contact with the pathogen’s genetic material
D) By recognizing cytokines produced by infected cells
Answer: A) By recognizing antigens presented on MHC molecules
19. Which molecule is presented by infected cells to activate cytotoxic T-cells?
A) Antibodies
B) MHC Class II molecules
C) MHC Class I molecules
D) Toll-like receptors
Answer: C) MHC Class I molecules
20. What is the effect of the interaction between helper T-cells and B-cells?
A) B-cells produce antibodies specific to the pathogen
B) B-cells undergo apoptosis
C) Helper T-cells kill the pathogen directly
D) Helper T-cells prevent B-cell activation
Answer: A) B-cells produce antibodies specific to the pathogen
21. In which lymphoid organ do T-cells mature?
A) Bone marrow
B) Spleen
C) Thymus
D) Lymph nodes
Answer: C) Thymus
22. What happens when T-cells recognize self-antigens?
A) They attack the self-tissue, leading to autoimmunity
B) They become helper T-cells
C) They produce antibodies
D) They turn into memory cells
Answer: A) They attack the self-tissue, leading to autoimmunity
23. Which type of lymphocyte is most involved in fighting bacterial infections?
A) T-cells
B) B-cells
C) Natural killer cells
D) Red blood cells
Answer: B) B-cells
24. What is the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in immune recognition?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To activate memory cells
C) To present antigens to T-cells
D) To kill infected cells
Answer: C) To present antigens to T-cells
25. Which of the following is true regarding T-cell activation?
A) T-cells are activated directly by pathogens
B) T-cell activation requires antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
C) T-cells are activated when they encounter antibodies
D) T-cells are activated by the release of histamine
Answer: B) T-cell activation requires antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
26. What happens during the activation of B-cells by helper T-cells?
A) B-cells kill the pathogen directly
B) B-cells secrete antibodies and form plasma cells
C) B-cells produce cytokines
D) B-cells undergo apoptosis
Answer: B) B-cells secrete antibodies and form plasma cells
27. The activation of T-cells requires the recognition of:
A) Pathogen antibodies
B) Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
C) Memory B-cells
D) Phagocytes
Answer: B) Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
28. Which of the following best describes the difference between the primary and secondary immune response?
A) The primary response is slower and involves only T-cells, while the secondary response is faster and involves both B-cells and T-cells
B) The secondary immune response is faster and stronger due to memory B-cells and memory T-cells
C) The primary immune response is stronger than the secondary immune response
D) There is no difference between primary and secondary immune responses
Answer: B) The secondary immune response is faster and stronger due to memory B-cells and memory T-cells
29. Which type of lymphocyte helps to control the immune response and prevent overreaction?
A) Helper T-cells
B) Cytotoxic T-cells
C) Memory T-cells
D) Regulatory T-cells
Answer: D) Regulatory T-cells
30. Which of the following describes the function of memory B-cells?
A) They produce antibodies during the first infection
B) They store information about pathogens for faster responses upon future exposure
C) They kill infected cells directly
D) They stimulate cytotoxic T-cells
Answer: B) They store information about pathogens for faster responses upon future exposure
These questions cover various aspects of the roles of T-cells and B-cells in the immune system, their functions, and interactions.
