1. What is immunological memory?
a) The ability of the body to produce more white blood cells.
b) The ability of the immune system to remember past infections.
c) The ability of the body to produce antibodies.
d) The ability of the immune system to become weaker over time.
Answer: b) The ability of the immune system to remember past infections.
2. How do vaccines stimulate immunological memory?
a) By killing all pathogens.
b) By introducing a weakened or inactivated pathogen.
c) By increasing the production of white blood cells.
d) By destroying memory cells.
Answer: b) By introducing a weakened or inactivated pathogen.
3. Which cells are responsible for creating immunological memory?
a) Red blood cells.
b) T-cells and B-cells.
c) Platelets.
d) Macrophages.
Answer: b) T-cells and B-cells.
4. What type of immunity is provided by vaccines?
a) Passive immunity.
b) Innate immunity.
c) Active immunity.
d) Innate and adaptive immunity.
Answer: c) Active immunity.
5. What is the role of memory B-cells in immunological memory?
a) They directly destroy pathogens.
b) They produce antibodies upon re-exposure to a pathogen.
c) They suppress immune responses.
d) They identify pathogens in the bloodstream.
Answer: b) They produce antibodies upon re-exposure to a pathogen.
6. How does a booster shot enhance immunological memory?
a) It destroys memory cells to start fresh immunity.
b) It helps to increase the number of immune cells available.
c) It helps to reinforce and strengthen the memory response.
d) It eliminates any previous immunity in the body.
Answer: c) It helps to reinforce and strengthen the memory response.
7. Which part of the immune system plays a central role in memory formation after vaccination?
a) Thymus.
b) Lymph nodes.
c) Bone marrow.
d) Spleen.
Answer: b) Lymph nodes.
8. What is the primary benefit of immunological memory in the context of vaccines?
a) It prevents all future infections.
b) It ensures a faster and stronger immune response to future infections.
c) It leads to the complete eradication of diseases.
d) It eliminates the need for immune cells.
Answer: b) It ensures a faster and stronger immune response to future infections.
9. What is the difference between primary and secondary immune responses?
a) The primary response is slower and weaker, while the secondary response is faster and stronger.
b) The secondary response is slower and weaker than the primary response.
c) Both primary and secondary responses are equally fast and strong.
d) The primary response involves only T-cells, while the secondary response involves only B-cells.
Answer: a) The primary response is slower and weaker, while the secondary response is faster and stronger.
10. Which of the following is an example of active immunity?
a) Receiving antibodies from breast milk.
b) Acquiring immunity after recovering from chickenpox.
c) Receiving a blood transfusion.
d) Using artificial antibodies to treat infection.
Answer: b) Acquiring immunity after recovering from chickenpox.
11. What type of immune cells do vaccines activate to create long-term immunity?
a) Plasma cells.
b) T-cells and memory B-cells.
c) Neutrophils.
d) Natural killer cells.
Answer: b) T-cells and memory B-cells.
12. Which of the following best describes how vaccines work?
a) Vaccines inject live pathogens that cause disease.
b) Vaccines stimulate the immune system by presenting antigens.
c) Vaccines directly kill bacteria or viruses in the body.
d) Vaccines prevent the development of white blood cells.
Answer: b) Vaccines stimulate the immune system by presenting antigens.
13. What is the purpose of a “memory” response in immunological memory?
a) To eliminate all foreign cells immediately.
b) To recall the pathogen faster and launch a more efficient immune response.
c) To decrease the production of antibodies.
d) To trigger inflammation at the site of infection.
Answer: b) To recall the pathogen faster and launch a more efficient immune response.
14. Which of the following is true about memory T-cells?
a) They help to activate B-cells.
b) They only respond to viruses.
c) They provide long-term immunity by recognizing previously encountered pathogens.
d) They directly produce antibodies.
Answer: c) They provide long-term immunity by recognizing previously encountered pathogens.
15. How do vaccines differ from natural immunity?
a) Vaccines provide immediate immunity without causing any symptoms.
b) Vaccines involve introducing a controlled version of the pathogen, while natural immunity comes from an actual infection.
c) Vaccines are not effective in the long term, while natural immunity is permanent.
d) Vaccines provide no immunological memory.
Answer: b) Vaccines involve introducing a controlled version of the pathogen, while natural immunity comes from an actual infection.
16. Which of the following types of vaccines involves using live but weakened pathogens?
a) Inactivated vaccines.
b) Subunit vaccines.
c) Live attenuated vaccines.
d) Recombinant vaccines.
Answer: c) Live attenuated vaccines.
17. What is the role of adjuvants in vaccines?
a) To increase the duration of immunity.
b) To activate the immune system and enhance the immune response to the vaccine.
c) To kill pathogens directly.
d) To reduce vaccine side effects.
Answer: b) To activate the immune system and enhance the immune response to the vaccine.
18. What is herd immunity in relation to vaccines?
a) When a few people are vaccinated to reduce the spread of disease.
b) When a large portion of the population is immune, protecting those who are unvaccinated.
c) When only animals are vaccinated to prevent disease.
d) When vaccines are ineffective due to widespread mutations in pathogens.
Answer: b) When a large portion of the population is immune, protecting those who are unvaccinated.
19. How does an inactivated vaccine differ from a live attenuated vaccine?
a) Inactivated vaccines contain dead pathogens, while live attenuated vaccines contain weakened pathogens.
b) Inactivated vaccines are only effective for bacterial infections, while live attenuated vaccines are only effective for viral infections.
c) Live attenuated vaccines contain synthetic pathogens, while inactivated vaccines contain natural pathogens.
d) Inactivated vaccines cause stronger immune responses than live attenuated vaccines.
Answer: a) Inactivated vaccines contain dead pathogens, while live attenuated vaccines contain weakened pathogens.
20. What happens when a person is re-exposed to a pathogen after receiving a vaccine?
a) The immune system ignores the pathogen.
b) The immune system responds more rapidly and effectively due to memory cells.
c) The immune system produces fewer antibodies.
d) The immune system causes severe symptoms.
Answer: b) The immune system responds more rapidly and effectively due to memory cells.
21. What is the function of memory B-cells in response to vaccination?
a) They produce antibodies after exposure to a pathogen.
b) They directly kill infected cells.
c) They present antigens to T-cells.
d) They produce cytokines to regulate immune responses.
Answer: a) They produce antibodies after exposure to a pathogen.
22. Why are vaccines important in preventing outbreaks of infectious diseases?
a) They directly cure diseases.
b) They prevent the need for immune cells to respond.
c) They help the immune system recognize and fight pathogens before they cause disease.
d) They kill pathogens in the environment.
Answer: c) They help the immune system recognize and fight pathogens before they cause disease.
23. Which of the following is an example of a subunit vaccine?
a) Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine.
b) Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTP) vaccine.
c) Hepatitis B vaccine.
d) Smallpox vaccine.
Answer: c) Hepatitis B vaccine.
24. How long does immunological memory typically last after vaccination?
a) A few days.
b) A few weeks.
c) Several months or years, depending on the vaccine.
d) It disappears after a year.
Answer: c) Several months or years, depending on the vaccine.
25. Which of the following vaccines provides protection against bacterial infections?
a) Influenza vaccine.
b) Polio vaccine.
c) Meningococcal vaccine.
d) Measles vaccine.
Answer: c) Meningococcal vaccine.
26. What is the role of the immune memory response in vaccination?
a) It reduces the immune response.
b) It produces a fast and efficient immune response upon re-exposure to the pathogen.
c) It blocks pathogen entry into the body.
d) It eliminates pathogens immediately.
Answer: b) It produces a fast and efficient immune response upon re-exposure to the pathogen.
27. Why do vaccines not always cause illness despite introducing pathogens?
a) Vaccines only contain pieces of the pathogen, not the whole live pathogen.
b) Vaccines kill the pathogen before it can cause illness.
c) Vaccines boost white blood cell production.
d) Vaccines block the pathogen from entering the body.
Answer: a) Vaccines only contain pieces of the pathogen, not the whole live pathogen.
28. What is a “live attenuated” vaccine?
a) A vaccine that contains a completely dead pathogen.
b) A vaccine that contains a weakened form of the pathogen.
c) A vaccine that contains only viral DNA.
d) A vaccine that contains antibodies from an infected person.
Answer: b) A vaccine that contains a weakened form of the pathogen.
29. How do vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases in a community?
a) By making the infected individuals immune to the disease.
b) By ensuring that a large number of people do not become infected.
c) By preventing the pathogen from mutating.
d) By eliminating the pathogen completely from the environment.
Answer: b) By ensuring that a large number of people do not become infected.
30. What is the main function of T-helper cells in the immune response to vaccines?
a) To destroy infected cells.
b) To produce antibodies.
c) To assist B-cells in producing antibodies.
d) To suppress immune responses.
Answer: c) To assist B-cells in producing antibodies.
