Genetics and Evolution

🧬 Genetics and Evolution

Fundamentals of Genetics

1. Introduction to Genetics: Definition, History, and Importance
2. Mendelian Genetics: Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment
3. Non-Mendelian Genetics: Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, and Epistasis
4. Multiple Alleles and Blood Group Inheritance in Humans
5. Polygenic Inheritance and Quantitative Traits
6. Linkage and Crossing Over: Morgan’s Experiments and Significance
7. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Explained
8. Sex Determination Mechanisms in Plants and Animals
9. Sex-Linked Inheritance: Examples in Humans and Drosophila
10. Mutations in Genetics: Types, Causes, and Effects

Molecular Genetics

11. DNA Structure and Replication: Watson and Crick Model Explained
12. RNA Structure, Types, and Functions in Genetics
13. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: Transcription and Translation
14. Genetic Code: Properties and Significance
15. Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
16. Operon Model: Lac Operon and Tryptophan Operon Explained
17. Human Genome Project and Its Contribution to Genetics
18. Epigenetics: Role of Environment in Gene Expression
19. Genetic Disorders in Humans: Sickle Cell, Down Syndrome, and Hemophilia
20. Genetic Counseling and Its Importance in Medicine

Population Genetics & Evolutionary Biology

21. Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg Principle and Applications
22. Factors Affecting Genetic Equilibrium: Mutation, Selection, and Drift
23. Genetic Drift and Founder Effect in Evolutionary Biology
24. Gene Flow and Its Role in Evolution
25. Adaptive Radiation: Examples from Darwin’s Finches
26. Natural Selection and Its Role in Evolution
27. Industrial Melanism: A Classic Example of Natural Selection
28. Speciation: Allopatric, Sympatric, and Parapatric Mechanisms
29. Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution Explained
30. Molecular Evolution: Neutral Theory and Molecular Clocks

Evidence and Theories of Evolution

31. Lamarckism vs Darwinism: Comparative Study
32. Neo-Darwinism and the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
33. Evidence of Evolution: Fossil Records and Transitional Forms
34. Comparative Anatomy and Homologous Structures in Evolution
35. Analogous Structures and Convergent Evolution Examples
36. Vestigial Organs and Their Evolutionary Significance
37. Embryological Evidence Supporting Evolution
38. Biogeography and Evolution of Species
39. Origin of Life Theories: Oparin-Haldane and Miller-Urey Experiment
40. Human Evolution: From Australopithecus to Homo sapiens

Applied Genetics and Evolution

41. Genetic Engineering and Its Applications in Evolutionary Studies
42. Molecular Markers and Genetic Variation in Populations
43. DNA Fingerprinting and Its Role in Evolutionary Biology
44. Role of Mitochondrial DNA in Tracing Human Evolution
45. Evolution of Drug Resistance in Microorganisms
46. Evolution of Bipedalism in Human Ancestors
47. Evolution of Skin Color in Human Populations
48. Artificial Selection vs Natural Selection in Evolution
49. Coevolution: Mutual Evolutionary Adaptations in Species
50. Future of Evolutionary Genetics: Genomics and Beyond