- The Human Genome Project was officially launched in which year?
a) 1980
b) 1990
c) 2000
d) 2003
Answer: b) 1990 - The HGP aimed to sequence how many base pairs in the human genome?
a) 1 billion
b) 2 billion
c) 3 billion
d) 4 billion
Answer: c) 3 billion - What percentage of the human genome consists of coding DNA?
a) 50%
b) 98%
c) 2%
d) 10%
Answer: c) 2% - The HGP was completed in which year?
a) 2000
b) 2001
c) 2003
d) 2005
Answer: c) 2003 - Approximately how many genes are present in the human genome?
a) 10,000
b) 20,000-25,000
c) 50,000
d) 100,000
Answer: b) 20,000-25,000 - Which of the following countries was NOT part of the HGP?
a) United States
b) China
c) United Kingdom
d) Japan
Answer: b) China - The primary method used for sequencing during the HGP was:
a) Sanger sequencing
b) CRISPR-Cas9
c) PCR
d) RNA sequencing
Answer: a) Sanger sequencing - The Human Genome Project primarily focused on:
a) Plant genomes
b) Human chromosomes only
c) Sequencing and mapping the entire human genome
d) Studying RNA molecules
Answer: c) Sequencing and mapping the entire human genome - What percentage of the genome was covered in the 2000 working draft?
a) 50%
b) 75%
c) 85%
d) 100%
Answer: c) 85% - What accuracy level was achieved in the final HGP sequence?
a) 90%
b) 95%
c) 99%
d) 99.99%
Answer: d) 99.99% - Which of the following tools became critical during the HGP?
a) Bioinformatics
b) Immunology
c) Electrophoresis
d) Cloning vectors
Answer: a) Bioinformatics - The cost of sequencing during the HGP was reduced due to:
a) Manual sequencing
b) Advanced computational tools
c) RNA interference techniques
d) Chemical synthesis
Answer: b) Advanced computational tools - Which organization was a major participant in the HGP?
a) NASA
b) NIH (National Institutes of Health)
c) WHO (World Health Organization)
d) WTO (World Trade Organization)
Answer: b) NIH (National Institutes of Health) - Which ethical issues were addressed by the HGP?
a) Genetic privacy
b) Discrimination
c) Patent rights on genes
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above - Which genome was sequenced as a part of comparative studies during the HGP?
a) Mouse genome
b) Fruit fly genome
c) Yeast genome
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above - What proportion of the genome contains repetitive sequences?
a) 10%
b) 20%
c) 50%
d) 80%
Answer: c) 50% - The HGP provided data that contributed to which field?
a) Epigenetics
b) Pharmacogenomics
c) Personalized medicine
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above - Which chromosome was the first to be completely sequenced?
a) Chromosome 1
b) Chromosome 22
c) Chromosome X
d) Chromosome Y
Answer: b) Chromosome 22 - The HGP has applications in:
a) Disease prediction
b) Forensic science
c) Evolutionary studies
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above - The term ‘junk DNA’ refers to:
a) Non-coding regions of DNA
b) Mutated DNA
c) Damaged DNA
d) Viral DNA
Answer: a) Non-coding regions of DNA - The largest chromosome in the human genome is:
a) Chromosome 1
b) Chromosome 21
c) Chromosome X
d) Chromosome Y
Answer: a) Chromosome 1 - Pharmacogenomics emerged as a direct result of:
a) RNA sequencing
b) The Human Genome Project
c) Cloning technology
d) Plant genome projects
Answer: b) The Human Genome Project - Which company was involved in a private initiative parallel to the HGP?
a) Celera Genomics
b) Pfizer
c) Monsanto
d) Roche
Answer: a) Celera Genomics - What does SNP stand for in the context of genomics?
a) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
b) Sequencing Nucleotide Polymerase
c) Specific Nucleotide Profile
d) Synthesized Nucleotide Product
Answer: a) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - The funding for the HGP included allocations for studying:
a) Environmental DNA
b) Ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI)
c) Agricultural genomes
d) Animal cloning
Answer: b) Ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI)
- Which database was created to store and share genome data during the HGP?
a) PubMed
b) GenBank
c) JSTOR
d) NCBI-RefSeq
Answer: b) GenBank - Which region of the genome is hardest to sequence due to repetitive sequences?
a) Telomeres
b) Centromeres
c) Exons
d) Introns
Answer: b) Centromeres - The working draft of the human genome was announced in:
a) 1995
b) 2000
c) 2002
d) 2003
Answer: b) 2000 - Which technique was essential for amplifying DNA segments in HGP research?
a) Southern blotting
b) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
c) Northern blotting
d) Electrophoresis
Answer: b) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) - What is the primary significance of non-coding DNA regions?
a) They have no function.
b) They regulate gene expression.
c) They are transcribed into proteins.
d) They cause mutations.
Answer: b) They regulate gene expression. - Which part of the genome contains genes for mitochondrial proteins?
a) Chromosomes
b) Nuclear DNA
c) Mitochondrial DNA
d) Plasmids
Answer: c) Mitochondrial DNA - What was a surprising finding about the number of human genes?
a) It was higher than expected.
b) It was lower than expected.
c) It was consistent with earlier predictions.
d) It was the same as bacterial genomes.
Answer: b) It was lower than expected. - Which field benefits directly from the HGP’s identification of SNPs?
a) Behavioral science
b) Genomic medicine
c) Ecology
d) Structural biology
Answer: b) Genomic medicine - The HGP confirmed that humans share what percentage of their DNA with chimpanzees?
a) 50%
b) 75%
c) 96%
d) 99%
Answer: c) 96% - What term describes the process of identifying gene locations on chromosomes?
a) Gene splicing
b) Genetic mapping
c) DNA editing
d) Genome annotation
Answer: b) Genetic mapping - How does the HGP contribute to cancer research?
a) By identifying cancer-causing viruses
b) By mapping genes associated with cancer
c) By developing chemotherapy drugs
d) By eradicating cancer cells directly
Answer: b) By mapping genes associated with cancer - The funding for the HGP came primarily from:
a) Private corporations
b) National governments and international organizations
c) Universities
d) Nonprofit organizations
Answer: b) National governments and international organizations - Which chromosome has the fewest genes?
a) Chromosome 1
b) Chromosome 21
c) Chromosome X
d) Chromosome Y
Answer: d) Chromosome Y - The Human Genome Project has directly advanced the development of:
a) Vaccines
b) Antibodies
c) Targeted therapies
d) Cloning techniques
Answer: c) Targeted therapies - What was one of the ethical concerns associated with the HGP?
a) Misuse of genetic information
b) Overpopulation concerns
c) Reduced genetic diversity
d) Global warming
Answer: a) Misuse of genetic information
