1. What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis?
    a) Chlorophyll
    b) Carotenoids
    c) Xanthophyll
    d) Anthocyanin
    Answer: a) Chlorophyll
  2. Where do light reactions of photosynthesis occur?
    a) Mitochondria
    b) Stroma
    c) Thylakoid membrane
    d) Cytoplasm
    Answer: c) Thylakoid membrane
  3. The splitting of water during the light reaction is called:
    a) Photophosphorylation
    b) Photolysis
    c) Hydrolysis
    d) Oxidation
    Answer: b) Photolysis
  4. Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions?
    a) NADP⁺
    b) ATP
    c) ADP
    d) Oxygen
    Answer: a) NADP⁺
  5. What is the primary product of the Calvin cycle?
    a) Glucose
    b) ATP
    c) NADPH
    d) G3P
    Answer: d) G3P
  6. Which enzyme is responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle?
    a) ATP synthase
    b) Rubisco
    c) Hexokinase
    d) Pyruvate kinase
    Answer: b) Rubisco
  7. What are the energy carriers produced in the light reactions?
    a) ATP and NADPH
    b) NADH and FADH₂
    c) Glucose and ATP
    d) Pyruvate and NADH
    Answer: a) ATP and NADPH
  8. What gas is released as a by-product during photosynthesis?
    a) Carbon dioxide
    b) Oxygen
    c) Nitrogen
    d) Methane
    Answer: b) Oxygen
  9. Which wavelength of light is least effective for photosynthesis?
    a) Red
    b) Blue
    c) Green
    d) Violet
    Answer: c) Green
  10. The Calvin cycle occurs in which part of the chloroplast?
    a) Grana
    b) Stroma
    c) Thylakoid
    d) Inner membrane
    Answer: b) Stroma
  11. What is the main purpose of light reactions?
    a) Carbon fixation
    b) Production of oxygen
    c) Production of ATP and NADPH
    d) Splitting glucose
    Answer: c) Production of ATP and NADPH
  12. The ATP formed in the light reaction is used for:
    a) Glycolysis
    b) Krebs cycle
    c) Calvin cycle
    d) Electron transport chain
    Answer: c) Calvin cycle
  13. Which process provides electrons for the light reactions?
    a) Photolysis of water
    b) Carbon fixation
    c) ATP hydrolysis
    d) Electron transport chain
    Answer: a) Photolysis of water
  14. C4 plants are more efficient than C3 plants in:
    a) Hot, dry climates
    b) Cold climates
    c) Low light intensity
    d) High moisture conditions
    Answer: a) Hot, dry climates
  15. Which of the following is NOT a product of the light-dependent reactions?
    a) Oxygen
    b) ATP
    c) NADPH
    d) Glucose
    Answer: d) Glucose
  16. The dark reactions are also called:
    a) Krebs cycle
    b) Calvin cycle
    c) Light reactions
    d) Glycolysis
    Answer: b) Calvin cycle
  17. The main source of carbon for the Calvin cycle is:
    a) Glucose
    b) Carbon dioxide
    c) Methane
    d) Oxygen
    Answer: b) Carbon dioxide
  18. Which molecule acts as the main energy currency in photosynthesis?
    a) NADPH
    b) ATP
    c) G3P
    d) FADH₂
    Answer: b) ATP
  19. What is the first stable product of carbon fixation in C3 plants?
    a) Pyruvate
    b) Phosphoglycerate (PGA)
    c) Oxaloacetate
    d) Malate
    Answer: b) Phosphoglycerate (PGA)
  20. CAM plants adapt to dry conditions by:
    a) Fixing CO₂ during the night
    b) Closing stomata during the day
    c) Both a and b
    d) Storing oxygen in vacuoles
    Answer: c) Both a and b
  21. What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
    a) Glycolysis and Calvin cycle
    b) Light and dark reactions
    c) Krebs cycle and photolysis
    d) Oxidation and reduction
    Answer: b) Light and dark reactions
  22. Chloroplasts are mainly found in which plant cells?
    a) Root cells
    b) Mesophyll cells
    c) Epidermal cells
    d) Guard cells
    Answer: b) Mesophyll cells
  23. Photorespiration occurs in the presence of:
    a) High CO₂
    b) Low O₂
    c) High O₂
    d) Low temperature
    Answer: c) High O₂
  24. Which cycle is part of C4 photosynthesis?
    a) Calvin cycle
    b) Hatch-Slack pathway
    c) Krebs cycle
    d) Glycolysis
    Answer: b) Hatch-Slack pathway
  25. Which part of the chloroplast contains chlorophyll?
    a) Outer membrane
    b) Inner membrane
    c) Thylakoid membrane
    d) Stroma
    Answer: c) Thylakoid membrane
  26. The light-harvesting complexes are located in the:
    a) Stroma
    b) Thylakoid membrane
    c) Cytoplasm
    d) Outer membrane
    Answer: b) Thylakoid membrane
  27. What is the role of NADPH in the Calvin cycle?
    a) It releases oxygen
    b) It provides energy
    c) It provides electrons
    d) It fixes carbon
    Answer: c) It provides electrons
  28. C3 and C4 pathways differ mainly in:
    a) Pigments used
    b) Initial carbon fixation steps
    c) Location of light reactions
    d) Energy production
    Answer: b) Initial carbon fixation steps
  29. How many molecules of CO₂ are required to form one molecule of glucose?
    a) 2
    b) 4
    c) 6
    d) 8
    Answer: c) 6
  30. Which of the following pigments absorbs blue and green light?
    a) Chlorophyll a
    b) Chlorophyll b
    c) Carotenoids
    d) Xanthophylls
    Answer: c) Carotenoids

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