1. Which of the following hormones is most closely associated with the stress response?
A. Insulin
B. Cortisol
C. Thyroxine
D. Estrogen
Answer: B. Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol is a primary stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It helps the body respond to stress by increasing glucose availability and suppressing non-essential functions.
2. Which part of the brain regulates the release of stress hormones like cortisol?
A. Cerebellum
B. Hypothalamus
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Thalamus
Answer: B. Hypothalamus
Explanation: The hypothalamus controls the release of hormones like cortisol through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It is responsible for initiating the stress response.
3. Which hormone is released from the adrenal medulla during a stress response?
A. Adrenaline
B. Testosterone
C. Prolactin
D. Insulin
Answer: A. Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline (also called epinephrine) is released from the adrenal medulla during acute stress. It increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and prepares the body for “fight or flight.”
4. Which hormone increases glucose levels in the bloodstream during stress?
A. Cortisol
B. Glucagon
C. Insulin
D. Prolactin
Answer: A. Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol helps raise blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis, providing energy during stressful situations.
5. Chronic stress leads to prolonged elevation of which hormone?
A. Serotonin
B. Cortisol
C. Progesterone
D. Dopamine
Answer: B. Cortisol
Explanation: Chronic stress causes the continued secretion of cortisol, which can have negative effects on health, such as immune suppression and increased inflammation.
6. Which hormone triggers the ‘fight or flight’ response?
A. Progesterone
B. Estrogen
C. Adrenaline
D. Prolactin
Answer: C. Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline is responsible for the “fight or flight” response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability.
7. Which hormone decreases during chronic stress, potentially leading to immune suppression?
A. Growth hormone
B. Cortisol
C. Testosterone
D. Melatonin
Answer: A. Growth hormone
Explanation: Chronic stress can decrease growth hormone levels, impairing cell repair and regeneration, and suppressing the immune system.
8. What is the role of oxytocin in stress response?
A. It enhances cortisol release.
B. It promotes bonding and reduces stress.
C. It triggers the flight response.
D. It increases blood sugar levels.
Answer: B. It promotes bonding and reduces stress
Explanation: Oxytocin is often referred to as the “love hormone” and helps mitigate the effects of stress by promoting feelings of trust and bonding.
9. Which of the following hormones is known to inhibit the stress response?
A. Adrenaline
B. Oxytocin
C. Cortisol
D. Testosterone
Answer: B. Oxytocin
Explanation: Oxytocin is shown to counteract the effects of stress by promoting relaxation, trust, and reducing anxiety.
10. Stress-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to the release of which hormone?
A. Thyroid hormone
B. Cortisol
C. Adrenaline
D. Estrogen
Answer: C. Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline is released from the adrenal medulla during activation of the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the body for quick action.
11. Which gland is responsible for releasing cortisol during the stress response?
A. Pineal gland
B. Adrenal glands
C. Pituitary gland
D. Thyroid gland
Answer: B. Adrenal glands
Explanation: The adrenal glands release cortisol as part of the body’s response to stress. The hypothalamus triggers the adrenal glands via the pituitary gland.
12. Which hormone is involved in the stress-induced increase in blood pressure?
A. Estrogen
B. Aldosterone
C. Testosterone
D. Prolactin
Answer: B. Aldosterone
Explanation: Aldosterone, released from the adrenal glands, helps regulate blood pressure during stress by retaining sodium and water, increasing blood volume.
13. Which of the following is an effect of prolonged cortisol secretion?
A. Enhanced immune function
B. Increased bone density
C. Weight loss
D. Suppressed immune function
Answer: D. Suppressed immune function
Explanation: Chronic cortisol release suppresses immune function, making the body more susceptible to infections and other health issues.
14. Which hormone regulates the “rest and digest” response after stress?
A. Adrenaline
B. Oxytocin
C. Acetylcholine
D. Cortisol
Answer: C. Acetylcholine
Explanation: Acetylcholine is involved in the parasympathetic nervous system and helps return the body to a relaxed state after stress.
15. What effect does chronic stress have on reproductive hormones?
A. Increased fertility
B. Decreased fertility
C. Increased production of testosterone
D. No effect
Answer: B. Decreased fertility
Explanation: Chronic stress can disrupt the balance of reproductive hormones, leading to decreased fertility in both men and women.
16. Which of the following hormones is critical in the body’s response to physical stressors like exercise?
A. Insulin
B. Adrenaline
C. Prolactin
D. Estrogen
Answer: B. Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline plays a key role in the body’s response to physical stressors such as exercise by increasing heart rate, blood flow, and energy production.
17. Which hormone promotes the retention of sodium during stress?
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. Testosterone
Answer: B. Aldosterone
Explanation: Aldosterone promotes sodium retention, which helps increase blood volume and blood pressure during the stress response.
18. Which hormone has a major role in controlling the circadian rhythm and stress recovery?
A. Melatonin
B. Thyroxine
C. Cortisol
D. Insulin
Answer: A. Melatonin
Explanation: Melatonin regulates the circadian rhythm, which can be disrupted by stress. It also plays a role in helping the body recover from stress during rest.
19. Which part of the brain releases CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone) during stress?
A. Medulla oblongata
B. Hypothalamus
C. Thalamus
D. Cerebellum
Answer: B. Hypothalamus
Explanation: The hypothalamus releases CRH, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone), leading to cortisol release from the adrenal glands.
20. Which of the following is a primary function of cortisol during stress?
A. Reducing inflammation
B. Increasing energy by increasing glucose availability
C. Enhancing sleep
D. Suppressing adrenaline production
Answer: B. Increasing energy by increasing glucose availability
Explanation: Cortisol increases glucose availability by promoting gluconeogenesis, providing energy for the body to respond to stress.
21. What happens to the thyroid hormones during chronic stress?
A. They increase
B. They remain unaffected
C. They decrease
D. They trigger adrenaline release
Answer: C. They decrease
Explanation: Chronic stress can lead to reduced thyroid hormone levels, which can contribute to fatigue and metabolic imbalance.
22. Which hormone released during stress contributes to increased blood clotting?
A. Prolactin
B. Estrogen
C. Cortisol
D. Thrombopoietin
Answer: D. Thrombopoietin
Explanation: Thrombopoietin stimulates platelet production, which is important for clotting in response to injuries that occur during stress.
23. Which hormone increases heart rate and blood flow during a stress response?
A. Insulin
B. Cortisol
C. Adrenaline
D. Melatonin
Answer: C. Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles, preparing the body for “fight or flight” during stress.
24. Which stress hormone is most likely responsible for weight gain?
A. Insulin
B. Estrogen
C. Cortisol
D. Leptin
Answer: C. Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol promotes the storage of fat, especially in the abdominal region, which can lead to weight gain when elevated chronically.
25. Which of the following hormones helps reduce anxiety during stress?
A. Cortisol
B. Serotonin
C. Epinephrine
D. Glucagon
Answer: B. Serotonin
Explanation: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood regulation, helping to reduce anxiety and stress effects on the body.
26. What effect does stress have on the secretion of insulin?
A. Insulin secretion is enhanced
B. Insulin secretion is suppressed
C. Insulin production remains unchanged
D. Insulin secretion stops
Answer: B. Insulin secretion is suppressed
Explanation: Stress, particularly chronic stress, suppresses insulin secretion as part of the “fight or flight” response, prioritizing glucose availability.
27. Which hormone is responsible for controlling inflammation during the stress response?
A. Cortisol
B. Adrenaline
C. Thyroxine
D. Prolactin
Answer: A. Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol has anti-inflammatory effects, helping to control inflammation during stress and prevent tissue damage.
28. Which of the following is a long-term consequence of prolonged cortisol release during stress?
A. Decreased blood pressure
B. Weight loss
C. Weakened immune system
D. Increased bone mass
Answer: C. Weakened immune system
Explanation: Prolonged cortisol release weakens the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and diseases.
29. Which of the following hormones is not typically involved in stress responses?
A. Cortisol
B. Insulin
C. Adrenaline
D. Thyroxine
Answer: D. Thyroxine
Explanation: Thyroxine is involved in metabolism regulation but does not directly respond to stress. Cortisol, adrenaline, and insulin play more direct roles in the stress response.
30. The “fight or flight” response involves the activation of which hormones?
A. Insulin and glucagon
B. Cortisol and prolactin
C. Adrenaline and cortisol
D. Melatonin and growth hormone
Answer: C. Adrenaline and cortisol
Explanation: Both adrenaline and cortisol are key players in the “fight or flight” response, preparing the body for immediate action.
