1. Who is known as the “Father of Modern Psychology”?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) William James
c) John Watson
d) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer: d) Wilhelm Wundt
Explanation: Wilhelm Wundt is often referred to as the “Father of Modern Psychology” because he is credited with establishing psychology as a formal laboratory science in 1879, when he opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig.
2. Sigmund Freud is best known for developing which theory?
a) Cognitive Theory
b) Classical Conditioning
c) Psychodynamic Theory
d) Humanistic Theory
Answer: c) Psychodynamic Theory
Explanation: Sigmund Freud developed the psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes the role of unconscious drives, desires, and early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior.
3. Who developed the theory of classical conditioning?
a) B.F. Skinner
b) Sigmund Freud
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: c) Ivan Pavlov
Explanation: Ivan Pavlov is known for his work on classical conditioning, which is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
4. Which psychologist is associated with the “Hierarchy of Needs” theory?
a) Carl Rogers
b) Abraham Maslow
c) Erik Erikson
d) John Locke
Answer: b) Abraham Maslow
Explanation: Abraham Maslow is famous for his Hierarchy of Needs theory, which suggests that people are motivated by a series of hierarchical needs, starting from basic physiological needs up to self-actualization.
5. Who is the founder of behaviorism?
a) John Watson
b) Sigmund Freud
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: a) John Watson
Explanation: John Watson is considered the founder of behaviorism, which is a school of thought that emphasizes the study of observable behavior rather than internal mental states.
6. Who developed the concept of “operant conditioning”?
a) Carl Rogers
b) Albert Bandura
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Erik Erikson
Answer: c) B.F. Skinner
Explanation: B.F. Skinner developed the concept of operant conditioning, which refers to a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.
7. Which psychologist is known for his theory of cognitive development in children?
a) Lev Vygotsky
b) Jean Piaget
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Carl Jung
Answer: b) Jean Piaget
Explanation: Jean Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development, which posits that children go through four stages of cognitive growth that shape how they perceive and understand the world.
8. Who proposed the concept of the “collective unconscious”?
a) Carl Jung
b) Erik Erikson
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: a) Carl Jung
Explanation: Carl Jung proposed the idea of the collective unconscious, which refers to the shared, universal memories and archetypes inherited by all humans.
9. Who is credited with creating the first intelligence test?
a) Carl Rogers
b) Alfred Binet
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Abraham Maslow
Answer: b) Alfred Binet
Explanation: Alfred Binet, along with his colleague Theodore Simon, developed the first intelligence test, which was designed to identify children who needed special educational support.
10. Who developed the theory of psychosocial development?
a) Abraham Maslow
b) Erik Erikson
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Carl Rogers
Answer: b) Erik Erikson
Explanation: Erik Erikson is known for his theory of psychosocial development, which includes eight stages of human development that are characterized by different psychological challenges.
11. Which psychologist introduced the concept of self-actualization?
a) Carl Rogers
b) Abraham Maslow
c) Sigmund Freud
d) B.F. Skinner
Answer: b) Abraham Maslow
Explanation: Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of self-actualization as the highest level of psychological development, where individuals realize their full potential.
12. Who is known for the “Little Albert” experiment?
a) John Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: a) John Watson
Explanation: John Watson is famous for his “Little Albert” experiment, where he demonstrated that emotional responses could be conditioned in humans.
13. Which psychologist is famous for his social learning theory?
a) B.F. Skinner
b) Albert Bandura
c) Carl Rogers
d) Sigmund Freud
Answer: b) Albert Bandura
Explanation: Albert Bandura is best known for his social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of observation and modeling in learning new behaviors.
14. Who is known for the concept of “identity crisis”?
a) Abraham Maslow
b) Erik Erikson
c) Carl Rogers
d) Sigmund Freud
Answer: b) Erik Erikson
Explanation: Erik Erikson introduced the concept of an “identity crisis,” which refers to the psychological conflict that occurs during adolescence when individuals search for their sense of self.
15. Which psychologist is associated with the idea of “client-centered therapy”?
a) Carl Rogers
b) Sigmund Freud
c) Albert Bandura
d) B.F. Skinner
Answer: a) Carl Rogers
Explanation: Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy, which focuses on creating a non-judgmental, empathetic, and accepting environment in which clients can explore their feelings.
16. Who is considered the founder of humanistic psychology?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Carl Rogers
c) Abraham Maslow
d) William James
Answer: b) Carl Rogers
Explanation: Carl Rogers, along with Abraham Maslow, is considered one of the founders of humanistic psychology, which emphasizes personal growth, free will, and self-actualization.
17. Who is known for his studies on the conditioned emotional response?
a) John Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Albert Bandura
d) Carl Rogers
Answer: a) John Watson
Explanation: John Watson is known for his studies on conditioned emotional responses, such as his experiment with Little Albert, which demonstrated that emotions could be conditioned.
18. Which psychologist introduced the concept of “tabula rasa” (blank slate)?
a) Carl Rogers
b) John Locke
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Sigmund Freud
Answer: b) John Locke
Explanation: John Locke, an influential philosopher, introduced the concept of “tabula rasa,” which suggests that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that knowledge comes from experience.
19. Who developed the concept of “observational learning”?
a) Carl Rogers
b) Albert Bandura
c) Sigmund Freud
d) B.F. Skinner
Answer: b) Albert Bandura
Explanation: Albert Bandura introduced the concept of observational learning, which suggests that people can learn behaviors by observing others, especially in the context of social environments.
20. Who is the founder of cognitive psychology?
a) Jean Piaget
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ulric Neisser
d) Sigmund Freud
Answer: c) Ulric Neisser
Explanation: Ulric Neisser is considered the founder of cognitive psychology, which focuses on studying mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.
21. Who is associated with the development of the theory of personality based on archetypes?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Carl Jung
c) Erik Erikson
d) Alfred Adler
Answer: b) Carl Jung
Explanation: Carl Jung developed the theory of archetypes as part of his broader theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious patterns shared across humanity.
22. Who is famous for his research on human memory and the forgetting curve?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Hermann Ebbinghaus
c) John Watson
d) B.F. Skinner
Answer: b) Hermann Ebbinghaus
Explanation: Hermann Ebbinghaus is famous for his research on memory, particularly his work on the forgetting curve, which demonstrates how memory loss occurs over time.
23. Who is known for the study of attachment in infants?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) John Bowlby
c) Carl Rogers
d) Erik Erikson
Answer: b) John Bowlby
Explanation: John Bowlby is known for his work on attachment theory, which explores the emotional bonds formed between infants and their caregivers.
24. Who developed the theory of moral development?
a) Jean Piaget
b) Lawrence Kohlberg
c) Carl Rogers
d) Sigmund Freud
Answer: b) Lawrence Kohlberg
Explanation: Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development, which outlines how people develop an understanding of right and wrong through different stages.
25. Who is credited with developing the concept of “learning by doing”?
a) Carl Rogers
b) Jean Piaget
c) John Dewey
d) Lev Vygotsky
Answer: c) John Dewey
Explanation: John Dewey is credited with the concept of “learning by doing,” which emphasizes the importance of experiential learning in education.
26. Who pioneered the study of behavior in animals?
a) Carl Rogers
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Edward Thorndike
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: c) Edward Thorndike
Explanation: Edward Thorndike is famous for his work on animal behavior, particularly his development of the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are likely to be repeated.
27. Who developed the concept of “free association”?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Carl Jung
c) John Watson
d) B.F. Skinner
Answer: a) Sigmund Freud
Explanation: Sigmund Freud developed the technique of free association, where patients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings.
28. Which psychologist contributed significantly to understanding the role of reinforcement in behavior?
a) Albert Bandura
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Carl Rogers
d) John Watson
Answer: b) B.F. Skinner
Explanation: B.F. Skinner made significant contributions to understanding how reinforcement and punishment shape behavior through operant conditioning.
29. Who is associated with the development of a theory of “multiple intelligences”?
a) Jean Piaget
b) Howard Gardner
c) Carl Jung
d) Erik Erikson
Answer: b) Howard Gardner
Explanation: Howard Gardner is known for his theory of multiple intelligences, which suggests that intelligence is not a single entity, but a range of abilities, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial intelligence.
30. Who is known for creating the first “psychological test” for measuring intelligence?
a) Binet
b) Spearman
c) Terman
d) Cattell
Answer: a) Binet
Explanation: Alfred Binet is credited with creating the first psychological test, known as the Binet-Simon scale, designed to measure a child’s intellectual ability.
