1. Which of the following best describes the process of Beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
a) Conversion of glucose to pyruvate
b) Breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules
c) Synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA
d) Conversion of acetyl-CoA to glucose
Answer:
b) Breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules
2. Where does Beta-oxidation of fatty acids primarily occur in the cell?
a) Nucleus
b) Mitochondria
c) Cytoplasm
d) Endoplasmic Reticulum
Answer:
b) Mitochondria
3. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids involves the removal of which molecule from the fatty acid chain?
a) Acetyl-CoA
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Hydrogen atoms
d) NADH
Answer:
a) Acetyl-CoA
4. During Beta-oxidation, the fatty acid undergoes how many steps in each cycle?
a) 4 steps
b) 2 steps
c) 6 steps
d) 3 steps
Answer:
a) 4 steps
5. Which enzyme is responsible for the first step in Beta-oxidation?
a) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
b) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
c) Carnitine acyltransferase
d) Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase
Answer:
a) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
6. In the first step of Beta-oxidation, fatty acyl-CoA is converted to what?
a) Acetoacetate
b) 3-ketoacyl-CoA
c) Trans-Δ2-enoyl-CoA
d) Acetyl-CoA
Answer:
c) Trans-Δ2-enoyl-CoA
7. Which molecule is reduced during the second step of Beta-oxidation?
a) NAD+
b) FAD
c) NADH
d) Acetyl-CoA
Answer:
b) FAD
8. How many ATP molecules are generated from the complete oxidation of one molecule of palmitic acid (C16)?
a) 96 ATP
b) 106 ATP
c) 108 ATP
d) 120 ATP
Answer:
b) 106 ATP
9. Which intermediate product is formed after the complete oxidation of a fatty acid molecule in Beta-oxidation?
a) Acetoacetate
b) Acetyl-CoA
c) Citrate
d) Malate
Answer:
b) Acetyl-CoA
10. In which form do fatty acids enter the mitochondria for Beta-oxidation?
a) Free fatty acids
b) Fatty acyl-CoA
c) Triacylglycerol
d) Phospholipids
Answer:
b) Fatty acyl-CoA
11. What role does carnitine play in Beta-oxidation?
a) Transfers fatty acyl-CoA into the mitochondria
b) Converts acetyl-CoA to fatty acyl-CoA
c) Cleaves fatty acid chains
d) Reduces FAD to FADH2
Answer:
a) Transfers fatty acyl-CoA into the mitochondria
12. The product of each round of Beta-oxidation is: a) Acetyl-CoA and NADH
b) Acetyl-CoA and FADH2
c) Acetyl-CoA only
d) Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2
Answer:
d) Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2
13. Which of the following is produced during the fourth step of Beta-oxidation?
a) NADH
b) FADH2
c) Acetyl-CoA
d) Acetoacetate
Answer:
c) Acetyl-CoA
14. The initial step of Beta-oxidation involves the activation of fatty acids to form: a) Fatty acyl-CoA
b) Acetyl-CoA
c) Acetoacetate
d) Malonyl-CoA
Answer:
a) Fatty acyl-CoA
15. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the conversion of fatty acyl-CoA to trans-Δ2-enoyl-CoA in the first step of Beta-oxidation?
a) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
b) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
c) Enoyl-CoA hydratase
d) Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Answer:
b) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
16. How many carbon atoms are removed from the fatty acid chain in each cycle of Beta-oxidation?
a) Two
b) Four
c) One
d) Three
Answer:
a) Two
17. Which of the following is produced by the Beta-oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids?
a) Propionyl-CoA
b) Acetyl-CoA
c) Butyryl-CoA
d) Citrate
Answer:
a) Propionyl-CoA
18. During Beta-oxidation, the molecule FADH2 is produced by the reduction of: a) Acyl-CoA
b) NAD+
c) FAD
d) Fatty acid
Answer:
c) FAD
19. What happens to the Acetyl-CoA produced in Beta-oxidation?
a) It is used for ketone body synthesis
b) It enters the citric acid cycle for further oxidation
c) It is converted back into fatty acids
d) Both a and b
Answer:
d) Both a and b
20. What is the primary function of NADH in Beta-oxidation?
a) To donate electrons to the electron transport chain
b) To convert fatty acids into glucose
c) To aid in the formation of acetyl-CoA
d) To break down glycerol
Answer:
a) To donate electrons to the electron transport chain
21. Which of the following fatty acids undergoes Beta-oxidation most efficiently?
a) Saturated fatty acids
b) Unsaturated fatty acids
c) Polyunsaturated fatty acids
d) Trans fatty acids
Answer:
a) Saturated fatty acids
22. How does Beta-oxidation contribute to the production of ATP?
a) By generating acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle
b) By producing FADH2, which donates electrons to the electron transport chain
c) By generating NADH, which donates electrons to the electron transport chain
d) All of the above
Answer:
d) All of the above
23. What is the end product of Beta-oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with an even number of carbons?
a) Acetyl-CoA
b) Propionyl-CoA
c) Acetoacetate
d) Malonyl-CoA
Answer:
a) Acetyl-CoA
24. Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the hydration step in Beta-oxidation?
a) Enoyl-CoA hydratase
b) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
c) Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
d) Carnitine acyltransferase
Answer:
a) Enoyl-CoA hydratase
25. In the Beta-oxidation of fatty acids, what is the role of the electron transport chain?
a) To transport fatty acids into the mitochondria
b) To generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
c) To reduce NAD+ to NADH
d) To break down acetyl-CoA into smaller molecules
Answer:
b) To generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
26. What is the function of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism?
a) It aids in the synthesis of fatty acids
b) It facilitates the transport of fatty acyl-CoA into the mitochondria
c) It reduces FAD to FADH2
d) It breaks down acetyl-CoA into ketone bodies
Answer:
b) It facilitates the transport of fatty acyl-CoA into the mitochondria
27. Which of the following would occur if Beta-oxidation were impaired?
a) Reduced ATP production from fatty acids
b) Decreased ketone body synthesis
c) Accumulation of fatty acids in the cytoplasm
d) All of the above
Answer:
d) All of the above
28. Which of the following is a byproduct of incomplete Beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
a) Acetyl-CoA
b) Propionyl-CoA
c) Ketone bodies
d) Glucose
Answer:
c) Ketone bodies
29. What type of fatty acids are more likely to produce ketone bodies after Beta-oxidation?
a) Saturated fatty acids
b) Monounsaturated fatty acids
c) Long-chain fatty acids
d) Medium-chain fatty acids
Answer:
a) Saturated fatty acids
30. What is the role of acetyl-CoA in metabolism after it is produced from Beta-oxidation?
a) It is used to produce glucose in gluconeogenesis
b) It is converted into ketone bodies during ketosis
c) It is used for the synthesis of cholesterol
d) Both b and c
Answer:
d) Both b and c
