1. What is antibiotic resistance?
A) The ability of bacteria to become immune to antibiotics
B) The ability of bacteria to adapt to antibiotic conditions
C) The process by which antibiotics evolve in response to bacteria
D) The action of antibiotics on bacteria
Answer: B) The ability of bacteria to adapt to antibiotic conditions
2. Which of the following is a mechanism of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
A) Mutation of bacterial DNA
B) Destruction of the antibiotic molecule
C) Efflux pumps that remove antibiotics
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
3. How do bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?
A) Through genetic mutation
B) By acquiring resistance genes from other bacteria
C) By horizontal gene transfer
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
4. What is the primary cause of the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
A) Overuse of antibiotics
B) Genetic recombination
C) Natural selection
D) Natural immunity
Answer: C) Natural selection
5. What is vertical gene transmission in antibiotic resistance?
A) Passing resistance genes from one bacterium to another
B) Passing resistance genes from parent to offspring
C) Transfer of plasmids between bacteria
D) Exchange of genes between different species
Answer: B) Passing resistance genes from parent to offspring
6. Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria occurs through:
A) Plasmid exchange
B) Binary fission
C) Mutation
D) Conjugation only
Answer: A) Plasmid exchange
7. Which of the following antibiotics is known to be affected by bacterial resistance?
A) Penicillin
B) Streptomycin
C) Tetracycline
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
8. The term “superbugs” refers to:
A) Antibiotics that are very effective
B) Bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics
C) Bacteria that produce antibiotics
D) Bacteria that do not cause any illness
Answer: B) Bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics
9. Which of the following practices contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance?
A) Taking antibiotics for viral infections
B) Incomplete courses of antibiotics
C) Over-prescribing antibiotics
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
10. The gene encoding for antibiotic resistance in bacteria is typically found in:
A) Chromosomal DNA
B) Plasmids
C) Ribosomes
D) Mitochondria
Answer: B) Plasmids
11. Which of the following is an example of a bacterium that has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics?
A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B) Escherichia coli
C) Staphylococcus aureus
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
12. Which method helps bacteria to acquire antibiotic resistance through gene transfer?
A) Mutation
B) Conjugation
C) Binary fission
D) All of the above
Answer: B) Conjugation
13. Which enzyme do some bacteria produce to break down penicillin?
A) Amylase
B) Penicillinase
C) Protease
D) Lipase
Answer: B) Penicillinase
14. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria leads to:
A) Longer treatment times
B) Increased risk of infection
C) Limited treatment options
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
15. Which of the following is an example of a resistance mechanism where bacteria pump out antibiotics?
A) Mutating the antibiotic’s binding site
B) Inactivating the antibiotic with enzymes
C) Efflux pumps
D) Transformation
Answer: C) Efflux pumps
16. The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be minimized by:
A) Proper use of antibiotics
B) Strict sanitation practices
C) Avoiding self-medication
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
17. The overuse of antibiotics in agriculture contributes to antibiotic resistance by:
A) Promoting mutation in bacteria
B) Encouraging the growth of resistant strains
C) Reducing bacteria’s exposure to antibiotics
D) Both A and B
Answer: D) Both A and B
18. Which of the following is NOT a strategy bacteria use to become resistant to antibiotics?
A) Altering the antibiotic’s target site
B) Destroying the antibiotic using enzymes
C) Incorporating the antibiotic into their metabolic processes
D) Developing efflux pumps
Answer: C) Incorporating the antibiotic into their metabolic processes
19. Antibiotic resistance can spread quickly through a bacterial population due to:
A) High mutation rates
B) Horizontal gene transfer
C) Rapid reproduction
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
20. What is the role of beta-lactamase in antibiotic resistance?
A) It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
B) It alters the target site of antibiotics
C) It destroys beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin
D) It prevents the antibiotics from entering the bacterial cell
Answer: C) It destroys beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin
21. What type of antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria mutate to change the antibiotic’s target site?
A) Enzyme inactivation
B) Target modification
C) Efflux pump activation
D) Immune resistance
Answer: B) Target modification
22. Which of the following strategies is used to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance in healthcare settings?
A) Antibiotic stewardship programs
B) Improved infection control practices
C) Limiting unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
23. Which of the following is a commonly used antibiotic that has seen rising resistance in bacteria?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Penicillin
C) Ciprofloxacin
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
24. Which of the following bacteria is resistant to methicillin?
A) Escherichia coli
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D) Streptococcus pneumoniae
Answer: B) Staphylococcus aureus
25. Which of the following is true about antibiotic resistance genes?
A) They are only found in pathogenic bacteria
B) They can be transferred between different bacterial species
C) They only appear in bacteria exposed to antibiotics
D) They are always inherited vertically
Answer: B) They can be transferred between different bacterial species
26. In which of the following scenarios would a bacterial strain develop resistance to an antibiotic?
A) A single bacterium survives after exposure to the antibiotic and passes on the resistance gene
B) All bacteria in a population are killed by the antibiotic
C) Resistance occurs when a bacterium is exposed to another bacterium with resistance genes
D) Both A and C
Answer: D) Both A and C
27. The misuse of antibiotics in humans can lead to:
A) Reduced effectiveness of antibiotics
B) Increased bacterial resistance
C) Extended hospital stays
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
28. Which of the following best describes the “antibiotic resistance crisis”?
A) Antibiotic resistance is only a problem in the developing world
B) Antibiotics are becoming ineffective due to overuse and misuse
C) Antibiotic resistance is limited to viral infections
D) There are no solutions to combat antibiotic resistance
Answer: B) Antibiotics are becoming ineffective due to overuse and misuse
29. Which of the following is a recommended practice to reduce antibiotic resistance?
A) Using antibiotics for viral infections
B) Completing the full prescribed course of antibiotics
C) Self-prescribing antibiotics
D) Using antibiotics intermittently
Answer: B) Completing the full prescribed course of antibiotics
30. How do antibiotic resistance genes spread between bacteria?
A) By random mutation
B) By horizontal gene transfer through conjugation, transformation, or transduction
C) By natural selection
D) By vertical gene transmission
Answer: B) By horizontal gene transfer through conjugation, transformation, or transduction
