1. Which of the following is a primary function of cytokines?
A) Transport oxygen
B) Regulate immune cell activity
C) Produce antibodies
D) Maintain cell structure
Answer: B) Regulate immune cell activity
2. What are cytokines primarily involved in?
A) Energy production
B) Immune system communication
C) Blood clotting
D) Hormonal secretion
Answer: B) Immune system communication
3. Which cytokine is most associated with inflammation?
A) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
B) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
C) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
D) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
Answer: C) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
4. Which cytokine plays a role in the activation of T-cells?
A) Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
B) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
C) Interferon-beta (IFN-β)
D) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
Answer: B) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
5. Cytokines can be classified based on their function. Which of the following is true?
A) Cytokines only activate the immune system
B) Cytokines have no regulatory functions
C) Cytokines can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory
D) Cytokines only act on immune cells
Answer: C) Cytokines can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory
6. Which of the following is an example of a pro-inflammatory cytokine?
A) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
B) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
C) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
7. Which cytokine is known for its role in inhibiting inflammation?
A) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
B) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
C) Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: B) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
8. What role do interferons play in immune responses?
A) Stimulate production of antibodies
B) Activate immune cells and inhibit viral replication
C) Promote blood clotting
D) Transport oxygen
Answer: B) Activate immune cells and inhibit viral replication
9. Which of the following cytokines is critical in the defense against viral infections?
A) Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
B) Interferon-alpha (IFN-α)
C) Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: B) Interferon-alpha (IFN-α)
10. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is essential in the activation of which immune cell?
A) B-cells
B) T-cells
C) Neutrophils
D) Macrophages
Answer: A) B-cells
11. Which of the following cytokines is involved in the differentiation of Th17 cells?
A) Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
B) Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
C) Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
D) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
Answer: C) Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
12. Which cytokine is known for its role in enhancing the cytotoxic activity of T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells?
A) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
B) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
C) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: A) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
13. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for the recruitment of neutrophils during infection?
A) Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
B) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
C) Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: A) Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
14. Cytokines bind to specific receptors on target cells. What is the result of this binding?
A) Increased blood pressure
B) Activation of immune responses or inhibition of responses
C) Production of toxins
D) Cell death
Answer: B) Activation of immune responses or inhibition of responses
15. Which cytokine is known to stimulate the growth and differentiation of T-helper cells?
A) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
B) Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
C) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
D) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Answer: A) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
16. What role does interleukin-12 (IL-12) play in immune responses?
A) Promotes T-helper 2 (Th2) differentiation
B) Stimulates production of IgE antibodies
C) Induces Th1 cell differentiation
D) Suppresses immune responses
Answer: C) Induces Th1 cell differentiation
17. Which of the following cytokines is involved in the process of fever induction during an immune response?
A) Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
B) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
C) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: A) Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
18. Which cytokine is produced primarily by macrophages and plays a role in the regulation of immune cells during inflammation?
A) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
B) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
C) Interferon-alpha (IFN-α)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: A) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
19. Which of the following cytokines is important for the immune response against intracellular pathogens?
A) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
B) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
C) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
D) Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
Answer: B) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
20. Which of the following cytokines is involved in the regulation of B-cell function?
A) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
B) Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
C) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: C) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
21. Which cytokine is released in response to infection and promotes the killing of infected cells?
A) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
B) Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
C) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
D) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
Answer: D) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
22. Which of the following cytokines is most closely associated with the activation of natural killer (NK) cells?
A) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
B) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
C) Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: B) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
23. Which cytokine is secreted primarily by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells and plays a major role in allergic responses?
A) Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
B) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
C) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
D) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
Answer: B) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
24. Which of the following cytokines is responsible for inducing the formation of granulomas in chronic infections?
A) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
B) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
C) Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
25. Which of the following cytokines is involved in the maintenance of immune tolerance?
A) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
B) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
C) Interferon-alpha (IFN-α)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: B) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
26. Which cytokine stimulates the differentiation of Th1 cells and is critical for immune defense?
A) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
B) Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
C) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
D) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
Answer: B) Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
27. Which cytokine is important for the survival and expansion of cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs)?
A) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
B) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
C) Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: B) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
28. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for the suppression of T-cell responses to prevent autoimmune diseases?
A) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
B) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
C) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
D) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
Answer: B) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
29. Which cytokine is involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis?
A) Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
B) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
C) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
D) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
Answer: A) Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
30. Which of the following cytokines plays a central role in the immune response to parasitic infections?
A) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
B) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
C) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
D) Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Answer: A) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
