1. What is the most common cause of cancer?
a) Environmental factors
b) Genetic mutations
c) Age-related changes
d) Diet
Answer: b) Genetic mutations
2. Which gene is known as the “guardian of the genome” and is commonly mutated in cancer?
a) BRCA1
b) P53
c) HER2
d) RAS
Answer: b) P53
3. What is the primary mechanism through which cancer cells evade apoptosis?
a) Activation of growth factor receptors
b) Mutation of tumor suppressor genes
c) Inactivation of pro-apoptotic proteins
d) Enhanced DNA repair mechanisms
Answer: c) Inactivation of pro-apoptotic proteins
4. Which type of cancer therapy uses the body’s immune system to target and destroy cancer cells?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Immunotherapy
c) Radiotherapy
d) Hormonal therapy
Answer: b) Immunotherapy
5. Which of the following is a major hallmark of cancer cells?
a) Decreased angiogenesis
b) Resistance to cell death
c) Limited metabolism
d) Reduced cell proliferation
Answer: b) Resistance to cell death
6. Which pathway is frequently involved in cancer cell proliferation?
a) Wnt/β-catenin signaling
b) MAPK/ERK signaling
c) PI3K/Akt signaling
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
7. What is the term for cancer cells’ ability to create their own blood supply?
a) Metastasis
b) Angiogenesis
c) Apoptosis
d) Necrosis
Answer: b) Angiogenesis
8. Which of the following is NOT a common cancer treatment?
a) Surgery
b) Chemotherapy
c) Gene therapy
d) Hypothermia
Answer: d) Hypothermia
9. What type of therapy uses drugs that specifically target cancer cell proteins to inhibit growth?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Targeted therapy
c) Radiotherapy
d) Hormone therapy
Answer: b) Targeted therapy
10. Which protein is involved in the transition from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle and is often overactive in cancer cells?
a) Cyclin D1
b) p53
c) Rb
d) Myc
Answer: a) Cyclin D1
11. What is the main function of tumor suppressor genes?
a) Promote cell growth
b) Inhibit cell growth
c) Prevent DNA damage
d) Regulate apoptosis
Answer: b) Inhibit cell growth
12. Which genetic alteration is associated with the development of breast cancer?
a) Mutation of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
b) Deletion of the P53 gene
c) Mutation of the RAS gene
d) Overexpression of HER2
Answer: a) Mutation of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
13. Which form of therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill or damage cancer cells?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Immunotherapy
c) Radiotherapy
d) Gene therapy
Answer: c) Radiotherapy
14. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancer cells?
a) Inability to differentiate
b) Limited angiogenesis
c) Resistance to apoptosis
d) Uncontrolled cell division
Answer: b) Limited angiogenesis
15. What is the term for the spread of cancer cells from their original location to other parts of the body?
a) Angiogenesis
b) Tumorigenesis
c) Metastasis
d) Carcinogenesis
Answer: c) Metastasis
16. Which type of cells are the primary target of chemotherapy drugs?
a) Proliferating cells
b) Differentiated cells
c) Apoptotic cells
d) Resting cells
Answer: a) Proliferating cells
17. What is the main function of the protein p53 in normal cells?
a) Initiate DNA repair
b) Stimulate cell proliferation
c) Induce apoptosis in damaged cells
d) Prevent angiogenesis
Answer: c) Induce apoptosis in damaged cells
18. What is the effect of oncogene activation in cancer cells?
a) Inhibit cell division
b) Promote cell cycle arrest
c) Stimulate uncontrolled cell growth
d) Induce apoptosis
Answer: c) Stimulate uncontrolled cell growth
19. What is the main goal of personalized cancer therapy?
a) Treat all cancers the same way
b) Use a one-size-fits-all approach to treatment
c) Tailor treatment based on individual genetic profiles
d) Focus solely on chemotherapy
Answer: c) Tailor treatment based on individual genetic profiles
20. Which of the following cancers is most commonly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?
a) Liver cancer
b) Cervical cancer
c) Nasopharyngeal cancer
d) Colon cancer
Answer: c) Nasopharyngeal cancer
21. What is the role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression?
a) Support immune response
b) Provide nutrients to tumors
c) Suppress tumor metastasis
d) Regulate normal cell functions
Answer: b) Provide nutrients to tumors
22. What is the primary aim of using CAR-T cell therapy in cancer treatment?
a) Decrease chemotherapy toxicity
b) Enhance the immune system’s ability to target cancer cells
c) Reduce radiation exposure
d) Inhibit angiogenesis
Answer: b) Enhance the immune system’s ability to target cancer cells
23. Which of the following is a cancer-related protein that helps cells avoid immune detection?
a) MDM2
b) PD-L1
c) HER2
d) RAS
Answer: b) PD-L1
24. Which of the following cancers is most commonly associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV)?
a) Leukemia
b) Skin cancer
c) Cervical cancer
d) Lung cancer
Answer: c) Cervical cancer
25. Which cancer therapy involves the removal of the tumor through surgical procedures?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Surgery
c) Immunotherapy
d) Radiotherapy
Answer: b) Surgery
26. What is the primary function of checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy?
a) Stimulate cell division
b) Prevent tumor angiogenesis
c) Block immune checkpoint proteins to enhance immune response
d) Inhibit cancer cell growth directly
Answer: c) Block immune checkpoint proteins to enhance immune response
27. Which of the following is a major challenge in cancer therapy?
a) Limited cancer cell types
b) Heterogeneity of tumors
c) Reduced metastasis
d) Easy targeting of cancer cells
Answer: b) Heterogeneity of tumors
28. What is the function of the protein HER2 in cancer cells?
a) Inhibit cell division
b) Promote angiogenesis
c) Facilitate cell growth and proliferation
d) Induce cell death
Answer: c) Facilitate cell growth and proliferation
29. Which of the following is a characteristic of immunotherapy?
a) Directly targets DNA damage
b) Uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer
c) Involves the use of radiation
d) Focuses solely on reducing tumor size
Answer: b) Uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer
30. What is the significance of liquid biopsy in cancer detection?
a) It helps detect tumors through imaging
b) It identifies genetic mutations in circulating tumor DNA
c) It provides radiation therapy directly to tumors
d) It is used for surgical tumor removal
Answer: b) It identifies genetic mutations in circulating tumor DNA
