1. What does a pedigree chart represent?
a) Family history of an individual
b) A map of human genes
c) The genetic sequence of a family
d) Environmental influences on genes
Answer: a) Family history of an individual
2. A pedigree is most commonly used to study:
a) Human genetics
b) Plant genetics
c) Animal breeding
d) Ecological systems
Answer: a) Human genetics
3. Which symbol in a pedigree chart represents a female?
a) Square
b) Circle
c) Diamond
d) Triangle
Answer: b) Circle
4. What does a filled-in symbol in a pedigree chart indicate?
a) A carrier of the genetic disorder
b) An unaffected individual
c) A person who is affected by the disorder
d) A person with a recessive gene
Answer: c) A person who is affected by the disorder
5. What is indicated by a horizontal line between a square and a circle in a pedigree chart?
a) Sibling relationship
b) Parent-child relationship
c) Marriage
d) Genetic mutation
Answer: c) Marriage
6. In a pedigree, what does a vertical line connect?
a) Sibling relationship
b) Parent-child relationship
c) Spousal relationship
d) Genetic mutation
Answer: b) Parent-child relationship
7. Which of the following is NOT a type of genetic disorder that can be traced using pedigree analysis?
a) Autosomal dominant disorders
b) X-linked recessive disorders
c) Environmental diseases
d) Autosomal recessive disorders
Answer: c) Environmental diseases
8. Which genetic disorder is commonly associated with a dominant inheritance pattern?
a) Cystic fibrosis
b) Sickle cell anemia
c) Huntington’s disease
d) Hemophilia
Answer: c) Huntington’s disease
9. In a pedigree, a trait that appears in every generation is most likely:
a) Autosomal recessive
b) X-linked dominant
c) Autosomal dominant
d) X-linked recessive
Answer: c) Autosomal dominant
10. If a pedigree shows that a disorder skips generations, it suggests that the disorder is:
a) X-linked dominant
b) Autosomal dominant
c) Autosomal recessive
d) Mitochondrial inheritance
Answer: c) Autosomal recessive
11. Which genetic disorder is most commonly inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern?
a) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
b) Cystic fibrosis
c) Achondroplasia
d) Marfan syndrome
Answer: a) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
12. In a pedigree, a person who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder will be represented by:
a) A filled square or circle
b) A half-filled square or circle
c) A blank square or circle
d) A double-line square or circle
Answer: b) A half-filled square or circle
13. A disorder caused by a mutation in mitochondrial DNA is inherited:
a) Only from the father
b) Only from the mother
c) From both parents equally
d) Randomly
Answer: b) Only from the mother
14. The symbol for a marriage between two individuals in a pedigree chart is:
a) A horizontal line connecting two circles
b) A vertical line connecting two squares
c) A circle connected to a square
d) A square inside a circle
Answer: a) A horizontal line connecting two circles
15. In pedigree analysis, if two affected individuals produce an unaffected offspring, this suggests the disorder is:
a) Autosomal dominant
b) X-linked dominant
c) Autosomal recessive
d) X-linked recessive
Answer: c) Autosomal recessive
16. A pedigree chart showing a condition that only affects males most likely represents:
a) Autosomal dominant inheritance
b) Autosomal recessive inheritance
c) X-linked dominant inheritance
d) X-linked recessive inheritance
Answer: d) X-linked recessive inheritance
17. If an autosomal dominant trait is shown in a pedigree, how can it be inherited?
a) Only from the father
b) Only from the mother
c) From either parent
d) It is inherited only in females
Answer: c) From either parent
18. The first step in constructing a pedigree chart is to:
a) Identify the trait to study
b) Collect genetic samples from the family
c) Identify the affected individuals in the family
d) Conduct DNA testing for the trait
Answer: a) Identify the trait to study
19. A pedigree chart that shows a higher frequency of males affected by a condition suggests an inheritance pattern of:
a) Autosomal recessive
b) X-linked recessive
c) Autosomal dominant
d) Mitochondrial inheritance
Answer: b) X-linked recessive
20. What does a diamond symbol in a pedigree chart represent?
a) A marriage
b) A carrier of a disease
c) A non-binary individual
d) An unknown gender
Answer: d) An unknown gender
21. In a pedigree, a parent who has a dominant disorder and has an unaffected offspring indicates the possibility that the disorder is:
a) Incomplete dominance
b) Autosomal recessive
c) Autosomal dominant
d) Co-dominance
Answer: b) Autosomal recessive
22. Which of the following diseases is inherited in a co-dominant pattern and can be traced using a pedigree?
a) Cystic fibrosis
b) Sickle cell anemia
c) Hemophilia
d) Huntington’s disease
Answer: b) Sickle cell anemia
23. A child inherits a genetic disorder from both parents, both of whom are carriers of a recessive allele. This indicates the inheritance pattern is:
a) Autosomal dominant
b) Autosomal recessive
c) X-linked recessive
d) Mitochondrial
Answer: b) Autosomal recessive
24. If a pedigree chart shows that only males are affected by a genetic condition, this suggests the inheritance pattern is:
a) X-linked dominant
b) X-linked recessive
c) Autosomal dominant
d) Autosomal recessive
Answer: b) X-linked recessive
25. In the case of a rare autosomal dominant disorder, how likely are two unaffected parents to have an affected child?
a) 50%
b) 100%
c) 0%
d) 25%
Answer: c) 0%
26. A recessive disorder can be detected in a pedigree when:
a) Both parents are carriers
b) Only one parent is affected
c) The disorder is dominant in all generations
d) Only one gender is affected
Answer: a) Both parents are carriers
27. The primary purpose of a pedigree analysis is to:
a) Identify affected individuals in a family
b) Diagnose a disease
c) Predict the future inheritance of traits
d) Analyze environmental factors
Answer: c) Predict the future inheritance of traits
28. If a condition is present in both parents, and the child inherits the same condition, the most likely inheritance pattern is:
a) Autosomal recessive
b) Autosomal dominant
c) X-linked dominant
d) Mitochondrial inheritance
Answer: a) Autosomal recessive
29. Which of the following is the correct order of symbols used in a pedigree chart?
a) Circle, square, vertical line
b) Square, circle, horizontal line
c) Circle, horizontal line, square
d) Square, vertical line, circle
Answer: b) Square, circle, horizontal line
30. What does a pedigree analysis reveal about an individual?
a) The exact sequence of their DNA
b) Their ancestral lineage
c) The pattern of inheritance of a genetic disorder
d) The health conditions of their descendants
Answer: c) The pattern of inheritance of a genetic disorder
