1. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the initiation of ovulation in females?
a) Progesterone
b) Estrogen
c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
d) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Answer: c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Explanation: LH is responsible for triggering ovulation, the release of the egg from the ovary.
2. During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum secrete progesterone?
a) Follicular phase
b) Luteal phase
c) Ovulation phase
d) Menstruation phase
Answer: b) Luteal phase
Explanation: The corpus luteum, formed after ovulation, secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for possible pregnancy.
3. Which hormone is released from the pituitary gland and stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles?
a) Progesterone
b) Estrogen
c) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
d) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Answer: c) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Explanation: FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles during the follicular phase.
4. What marks the beginning of the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle?
a) Ovulation
b) Onset of menstruation
c) Formation of the corpus luteum
d) Secretion of estrogen
Answer: b) Onset of menstruation
Explanation: The follicular phase begins with the onset of menstruation, where the uterine lining is shed.
5. Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the thickening of the endometrial lining?
a) Follicular phase
b) Ovulation
c) Luteal phase
d) Menstrual phase
Answer: c) Luteal phase
Explanation: The luteal phase is characterized by increased progesterone secretion, which helps thicken the endometrial lining in preparation for a fertilized egg.
6. The release of which hormone triggers the secretion of estrogen and progesterone?
a) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
b) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
c) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
d) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Answer: b) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Explanation: LH triggers the secretion of estrogen and progesterone during the luteal phase, maintaining the endometrial lining.
7. What is the primary function of estrogen in the menstrual cycle?
a) To stimulate ovulation
b) To maintain the endometrial lining
c) To trigger menstruation
d) To promote follicle maturation
Answer: d) To promote follicle maturation
Explanation: Estrogen stimulates the growth and development of the ovarian follicles during the follicular phase.
8. What happens if fertilization does not occur after ovulation?
a) Progesterone levels rise
b) The corpus luteum degenerates
c) Estrogen levels remain high
d) The endometrial lining thickens further
Answer: b) The corpus luteum degenerates
Explanation: If fertilization doesn’t occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen, triggering menstruation.
9. Which of the following hormones is responsible for the thickening of the cervical mucus during ovulation?
a) Progesterone
b) Estrogen
c) LH
d) FSH
Answer: b) Estrogen
Explanation: Estrogen causes the cervical mucus to become thin and stretchy during ovulation, aiding sperm transport.
10. During which phase does the secretion of progesterone reach its highest level?
a) Follicular phase
b) Luteal phase
c) Ovulation phase
d) Menstrual phase
Answer: b) Luteal phase
Explanation: Progesterone reaches its highest levels during the luteal phase to support implantation and pregnancy.
11. What marks the end of the follicular phase?
a) Ovulation
b) Menstruation
c) Formation of the corpus luteum
d) Secretion of progesterone
Answer: a) Ovulation
Explanation: The follicular phase ends when ovulation occurs, and the mature follicle releases the egg.
12. What is the primary role of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?
a) To release an egg
b) To produce estrogen and progesterone
c) To stimulate ovulation
d) To release FSH
Answer: b) To produce estrogen and progesterone
Explanation: The corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone to maintain the uterine lining after ovulation.
13. Which of the following is a direct result of increased levels of progesterone?
a) Thickening of the uterine lining
b) Shrinking of the ovarian follicles
c) Expulsion of the egg
d) Decrease in estrogen levels
Answer: a) Thickening of the uterine lining
Explanation: Progesterone promotes the thickening of the uterine lining, preparing it for implantation.
14. What is the function of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during pregnancy?
a) It stimulates ovulation
b) It maintains the corpus luteum
c) It triggers menstruation
d) It promotes egg maturation
Answer: b) It maintains the corpus luteum
Explanation: hCG is produced after fertilization and helps maintain the corpus luteum, which continues to secrete progesterone.
15. Which phase is considered the “resting phase” of the menstrual cycle?
a) Luteal phase
b) Menstruation phase
c) Follicular phase
d) Ovulation phase
Answer: b) Menstruation phase
Explanation: The menstruation phase is the “resting phase,” where the endometrial lining is shed if fertilization doesn’t occur.
16. The release of which hormone increases dramatically just before ovulation?
a) Estrogen
b) LH (Luteinizing hormone)
c) FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
d) Progesterone
Answer: b) LH (Luteinizing hormone)
Explanation: A dramatic surge in LH triggers ovulation, which is the release of the egg from the follicle.
17. What happens to the levels of estrogen and progesterone during the luteal phase if pregnancy does not occur?
a) They both increase
b) They both decrease
c) Estrogen increases, progesterone decreases
d) Estrogen decreases, progesterone increases
Answer: b) They both decrease
Explanation: If pregnancy does not occur, both estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, leading to menstruation.
18. Which phase of the menstrual cycle is responsible for egg release?
a) Follicular phase
b) Ovulation phase
c) Luteal phase
d) Menstruation phase
Answer: b) Ovulation phase
Explanation: Ovulation is the phase where the mature egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube.
19. Which hormone is responsible for the maturation of the follicle before ovulation?
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
d) LH (Luteinizing hormone)
Answer: c) FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
Explanation: FSH is responsible for stimulating the maturation of the ovarian follicles before ovulation.
20. What is the term used for the shedding of the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur?
a) Menstruation
b) Ovulation
c) Implantation
d) Fertilization
Answer: a) Menstruation
Explanation: Menstruation is the process of shedding the uterine lining when no pregnancy occurs.
21. The menstrual cycle is typically how many days in length?
a) 14-16 days
b) 21-28 days
c) 30-35 days
d) 40-45 days
Answer: b) 21-28 days
Explanation: A typical menstrual cycle lasts between 21 to 28 days, though variations can occur.
22. Which hormone causes the uterine lining to become more vascular and glandular in preparation for implantation?
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) LH
d) hCG
Answer: b) Progesterone
Explanation: Progesterone makes the endometrial lining more vascular and glandular to support the implantation of the fertilized egg.
23. What is the role of the zona pellucida in oocyte development?
a) It provides energy to the oocyte
b) It protects the oocyte from external damage
c) It assists in the fertilization process
d) It causes the oocyte to divide
Answer: b) It protects the oocyte from external damage
Explanation: The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte that protects it and plays a role in fertilization.
24. Which structure produces the hormones responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle?
a) Ovaries
b) Pituitary gland
c) Uterus
d) Hypothalamus
Answer: a) Ovaries
Explanation: The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and prepare the uterus for pregnancy.
25. What triggers the release of LH and FSH during the menstrual cycle?
a) High estrogen levels
b) Low estrogen levels
c) High progesterone levels
d) Low progesterone levels
Answer: a) High estrogen levels
Explanation: High levels of estrogen trigger the release of LH and FSH, which are necessary for ovulation.
26. During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium begin to shed?
a) Follicular phase
b) Ovulation phase
c) Menstrual phase
d) Luteal phase
Answer: c) Menstrual phase
Explanation: The menstrual phase is when the endometrial lining sheds, resulting in menstruation.
27. Which hormone is highest during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) LH
d) FSH
Answer: a) Estrogen
Explanation: Estrogen levels rise during the follicular phase, promoting the growth of the endometrium and the maturation of ovarian follicles.
28. Which of the following is not a function of estrogen in the menstrual cycle?
a) Stimulating follicular development
b) Promoting ovulation
c) Thickening the uterine lining
d) Stimulating progesterone production
Answer: d) Stimulating progesterone production
Explanation: Estrogen does not directly stimulate progesterone production; progesterone is primarily produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation.
29. What happens during ovulation in the menstrual cycle?
a) The egg is fertilized
b) The follicle ruptures and releases an egg
c) Progesterone levels rise
d) The corpus luteum degenerates
Answer: b) The follicle ruptures and releases an egg
Explanation: Ovulation is the process in which the mature follicle ruptures and releases an egg into the fallopian tube.
30. Which hormone is responsible for the maturation and development of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) LH
d) FSH
Answer: c) LH
Explanation: LH triggers the development of the corpus luteum after ovulation, which produces progesterone to maintain the uterine lining.
