1. What is the primary role of mitochondria in apoptosis?
    a) ATP production
    b) Calcium storage
    c) Release of cytochrome c
    d) Protein synthesis
    Answer: c) Release of cytochrome c
  2. Which protein family regulates mitochondrial membrane permeability during apoptosis?
    a) Bcl-2 family
    b) MAPK family
    c) Caspase family
    d) G-protein family
    Answer: a) Bcl-2 family
  3. Cytochrome c released from mitochondria binds to which protein in the cytosol to form the apoptosome?
    a) APAF-1
    b) Caspase-3
    c) Bax
    d) p53
    Answer: a) APAF-1
  4. Which ion’s overload in mitochondria can trigger apoptosis?
    a) Sodium
    b) Potassium
    c) Calcium
    d) Magnesium
    Answer: c) Calcium
  5. The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is also known as:
    a) Extrinsic pathway
    b) Intrinsic pathway
    c) Necrotic pathway
    d) Autophagy pathway
    Answer: b) Intrinsic pathway
  6. What is the role of Bax and Bak in apoptosis?
    a) ATP synthesis
    b) Maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential
    c) Formation of mitochondrial pores
    d) DNA repair
    Answer: c) Formation of mitochondrial pores
  7. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening leads to:
    a) Increased ATP production
    b) Mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release
    c) DNA replication
    d) Protein synthesis inhibition
    Answer: b) Mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release
  8. Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family include:
    a) Bax and Bak
    b) Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL
    c) Caspase-9 and Caspase-3
    d) APAF-1 and p53
    Answer: b) Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL
  9. Which molecule stabilizes the mitochondrial outer membrane during apoptosis?
    a) Cytochrome c
    b) Bcl-2
    c) Caspase-9
    d) APAF-1
    Answer: b) Bcl-2
  10. Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria activates which caspase?
    a) Caspase-3
    b) Caspase-8
    c) Caspase-9
    d) Caspase-12
    Answer: c) Caspase-9
  11. Which event signifies mitochondrial involvement in apoptosis?
    a) ATP production increases
    b) Decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential
    c) DNA synthesis enhancement
    d) Increased glycolysis
    Answer: b) Decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential
  12. Which lipid is translocated to the outer mitochondrial membrane during apoptosis?
    a) Cardiolipin
    b) Phosphatidylserine
    c) Cholesterol
    d) Sphingomyelin
    Answer: a) Cardiolipin
  13. The apoptosome is composed of APAF-1, cytochrome c, and:
    a) Caspase-9
    b) Caspase-3
    c) Bax
    d) Bak
    Answer: a) Caspase-9
  14. Which reactive species generated in mitochondria can trigger apoptosis?
    a) Reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
    b) Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
    c) Free radicals
    d) Ozone molecules
    Answer: b) Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  15. Which of the following proteins promotes apoptosis by antagonizing Bcl-2?
    a) Bcl-xL
    b) Bad
    c) APAF-1
    d) p53
    Answer: b) Bad
  16. What happens to mitochondrial membrane potential during early apoptosis?
    a) It increases
    b) It stabilizes
    c) It decreases
    d) No change
    Answer: c) It decreases
  17. Smac/DIABLO proteins released from mitochondria inhibit:
    a) Caspase activation
    b) Anti-apoptotic proteins
    c) Pro-apoptotic proteins
    d) mPTP opening
    Answer: b) Anti-apoptotic proteins
  18. What is the consequence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in apoptosis?
    a) Enhanced DNA replication
    b) Increased ATP production
    c) Apoptosis activation
    d) Stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane
    Answer: c) Apoptosis activation
  19. Which protein mediates mitochondrial fragmentation during apoptosis?
    a) Drp1
    b) APAF-1
    c) Cytochrome c
    d) Caspase-3
    Answer: a) Drp1
  20. Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) facilitate apoptosis by:
    a) Enhancing ATP synthesis
    b) Mediating ER-mitochondrial calcium transfer
    c) Promoting DNA synthesis
    d) Inhibiting caspases
    Answer: b) Mediating ER-mitochondrial calcium transfer
  21. Which protein inhibits apoptosis by sequestering cytochrome c in the mitochondria?
    a) Bcl-2
    b) APAF-1
    c) Bax
    d) Caspase-9
    Answer: a) Bcl-2
  22. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) released from mitochondria induces:
    a) Caspase activation
    b) DNA fragmentation
    c) mPTP closure
    d) ATP production
    Answer: b) DNA fragmentation
  23. Overproduction of which molecule in mitochondria is associated with oxidative stress-induced apoptosis?
    a) ROS
    b) Nitric oxide
    c) NADH
    d) ATP
    Answer: a) ROS
  24. Bid activation links:
    a) Extrinsic pathway to intrinsic pathway
    b) Intrinsic pathway to necrosis
    c) Autophagy to apoptosis
    d) Cell cycle to apoptosis
    Answer: a) Extrinsic pathway to intrinsic pathway
  25. Caspase-3 activation is downstream of:
    a) Cytochrome c release
    b) ATP synthesis
    c) Mitochondrial biogenesis
    d) ER stress
    Answer: a) Cytochrome c release
  26. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a critical step in:
    a) ATP generation
    b) DNA synthesis
    c) Apoptosis
    d) Protein degradation
    Answer: c) Apoptosis
  27. Which molecule is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family?
    a) Bcl-2
    b) Bax
    c) Bcl-xL
    d) APAF-1
    Answer: b) Bax
  28. High levels of ROS in mitochondria can activate:
    a) DNA repair
    b) Apoptosis
    c) Protein synthesis
    d) Cell cycle progression
    Answer: b) Apoptosis
  29. Which enzyme is crucial for the cleavage of pro-caspases into active caspases during apoptosis?
    a) Protease
    b) Cytochrome c
    c) Caspase-9
    d) APAF-1
    Answer: c) Caspase-9
  30. Which mitochondrial protein is released to inhibit IAPs (Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins)?
    a) Cytochrome c
    b) Smac/DIABLO
    c) AIF
    d) Bax
    Answer: b) Smac/DIABLO

RELATED ARTICLESMORE FROM AUTHOR

LEAVE A REPLY

Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here