1. Which of the following is the process of synthesizing a protein from mRNA?
    a) Transcription
    b) Replication
    c) Translation
    d) Transduction
    Answer: c) Translation
  2. Which molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
    a) mRNA
    b) tRNA
    c) rRNA
    d) DNA
    Answer: b) tRNA
  3. The genetic code is described as “degenerate” because:
    a) Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.
    b) It is universal across all species.
    c) It contains stop codons.
    d) It is composed of nucleotides.
    Answer: a) Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.
  4. Which of the following is the start codon in most organisms?
    a) UAA
    b) AUG
    c) UAG
    d) UGA
    Answer: b) AUG
  5. The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds is called:
    a) RNA polymerase
    b) DNA ligase
    c) Peptidyl transferase
    d) Helicase
    Answer: c) Peptidyl transferase
  6. What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
    a) To unwind DNA
    b) To assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain
    c) To transport mRNA
    d) To transcribe DNA into RNA
    Answer: b) To assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain
  7. In eukaryotes, where does translation occur?
    a) Nucleus
    b) Mitochondria
    c) Cytoplasm
    d) Golgi apparatus
    Answer: c) Cytoplasm
  8. What is the function of the anticodon region of tRNA?
    a) To bind to the ribosome
    b) To carry amino acids
    c) To base-pair with the mRNA codon
    d) To signal termination of translation
    Answer: c) To base-pair with the mRNA codon
  9. Which of the following molecules is not directly involved in translation?
    a) mRNA
    b) tRNA
    c) DNA
    d) rRNA
    Answer: c) DNA
  10. A polyribosome is:
    a) A single ribosome synthesizing a polypeptide
    b) Multiple ribosomes attached to a single mRNA molecule
    c) A ribosome containing multiple subunits
    d) A ribosome located in the nucleus
    Answer: b) Multiple ribosomes attached to a single mRNA molecule
  11. Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosome?
    a) mRNA
    b) tRNA
    c) rRNA
    d) siRNA
    Answer: a) mRNA
  12. The process of attaching an amino acid to its corresponding tRNA is called:
    a) Transcription
    b) Charging
    c) Splicing
    d) Elongation
    Answer: b) Charging
  13. What is the function of the signal peptide in protein synthesis?
    a) To initiate translation
    b) To direct the protein to its proper cellular location
    c) To terminate translation
    d) To add amino acids to the growing chain
    Answer: b) To direct the protein to its proper cellular location
  14. The termination of translation occurs when:
    a) The ribosome reaches the start codon
    b) A stop codon is encountered
    c) tRNA runs out of amino acids
    d) The mRNA degrades
    Answer: b) A stop codon is encountered
  15. Which of the following codons does not code for an amino acid?
    a) UGA
    b) AUG
    c) UUU
    d) GGG
    Answer: a) UGA
  16. The ribosome consists of which two subunits?
    a) Small and large
    b) Alpha and beta
    c) Exon and intron
    d) Leading and lagging
    Answer: a) Small and large
  17. The site on the ribosome where the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA binds is the:
    a) A site
    b) P site
    c) E site
    d) R site
    Answer: a) A site
  18. What happens to the mRNA after translation is complete?
    a) It is degraded.
    b) It is reused.
    c) It is exported from the cell.
    d) Both a and b.
    Answer: d) Both a and b.
  19. Which step in translation involves the ribosome moving one codon along the mRNA?
    a) Termination
    b) Elongation
    c) Translocation
    d) Initiation
    Answer: c) Translocation
  20. The wobble hypothesis explains:
    a) Why codons are triplets
    b) The degeneracy of the genetic code
    c) The structure of tRNA
    d) The regulation of translation
    Answer: b) The degeneracy of the genetic code
  21. Which molecule provides energy for translation?
    a) ATP
    b) GTP
    c) ADP
    d) NADPH
    Answer: b) GTP
  22. Which is a characteristic of the genetic code?
    a) Overlapping
    b) Universal
    c) Ambiguous
    d) Discontinuous
    Answer: b) Universal
  23. The first amino acid in most eukaryotic proteins is:
    a) Glycine
    b) Methionine
    c) Valine
    d) Serine
    Answer: b) Methionine
  24. Protein synthesis occurs on which cellular structure?
    a) Golgi apparatus
    b) Ribosome
    c) Lysosome
    d) Nucleosome
    Answer: b) Ribosome
  25. Which component of the translation machinery has catalytic activity?
    a) mRNA
    b) rRNA
    c) tRNA
    d) Ribosomal proteins
    Answer: b) rRNA
  26. A mutation that replaces one amino acid with another is called a:
    a) Nonsense mutation
    b) Missense mutation
    c) Silent mutation
    d) Frameshift mutation
    Answer: b) Missense mutation
  27. Which organelle is involved in folding and modifying newly synthesized proteins?
    a) Endoplasmic reticulum
    b) Mitochondria
    c) Nucleus
    d) Peroxisome
    Answer: a) Endoplasmic reticulum
  28. What happens if a mutation introduces a premature stop codon?
    a) A truncated protein is produced.
    b) Translation continues normally.
    c) No protein is produced.
    d) The ribosome stalls indefinitely.
    Answer: a) A truncated protein is produced.
  29. Which structure stabilizes mRNA during translation in eukaryotes?
    a) Poly-A tail
    b) Ribosome
    c) tRNA
    d) Anticodon loop
    Answer: a) Poly-A tail
  30. The sequence of bases in DNA that corresponds to a functional protein is called a:
    a) Codon
    b) Gene
    c) Chromosome
    d) Locus
    Answer: b) Gene

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