1. Which of the following is a primary function of growth factors?
a) Promote apoptosis
b) Regulate cell proliferation
c) Maintain cellular structure
d) Synthesize proteins
Answer: b) Regulate cell proliferation
2. Growth factors primarily function by binding to:
a) DNA
b) Cell membrane receptors
c) Ribosomes
d) Mitochondria
Answer: b) Cell membrane receptors
3. Which of the following growth factors is involved in the repair of tissues after injury?
a) Erythropoietin
b) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
c) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
d) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Answer: b) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
4. The binding of growth factors to receptors typically leads to the activation of:
a) RNA synthesis
b) Kinase signaling pathways
c) Ribosome function
d) Chloroplast division
Answer: b) Kinase signaling pathways
5. Which of the following growth factors stimulates the growth of epithelial cells?
a) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
b) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
c) Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
d) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Answer: b) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
6. Which growth factor is primarily involved in the formation of new blood vessels?
a) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
b) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
c) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
d) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Answer: b) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
7. Growth factors are typically involved in which cellular process?
a) Cell death
b) Cell proliferation and differentiation
c) DNA damage repair
d) Cell membrane formation
Answer: b) Cell proliferation and differentiation
8. Which growth factor is secreted by macrophages and platelets during tissue injury?
a) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
b) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
c) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
d) Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)
Answer: a) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
9. Which of the following factors is responsible for the differentiation of stem cells?
a) Erythropoietin
b) Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
c) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
d) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Answer: b) Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
10. The process of angiogenesis is primarily regulated by:
a) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
b) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
c) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
d) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Answer: b) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
11. What is the role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)?
a) Regulation of cell migration
b) Induction of apoptosis
c) Promotion of blood cell formation
d) Stimulation of angiogenesis and wound healing
Answer: d) Stimulation of angiogenesis and wound healing
12. Which growth factor is produced by the liver and plays a role in stimulating cell growth?
a) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
b) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
c) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
d) Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
Answer: b) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
13. The binding of growth factors to their receptors leads to activation of:
a) Endocytosis
b) Gene transcription
c) Protein degradation
d) Active transport
Answer: b) Gene transcription
14. Which growth factor is crucial for bone and cartilage formation?
a) Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
b) Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
c) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
d) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Answer: a) Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
15. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of growth factors?
a) They stimulate cell division
b) They act only on nearby cells
c) They are used in signaling pathways
d) They prevent cell differentiation
Answer: d) They prevent cell differentiation
16. Which of the following is the primary function of epidermal growth factor (EGF)?
a) Stimulate the growth of red blood cells
b) Promote the repair of damaged tissues
c) Regulate the growth of nerve cells
d) Control cell division in the skin and epithelial cells
Answer: d) Control cell division in the skin and epithelial cells
17. Growth factors can influence gene expression by:
a) Directly interacting with DNA
b) Modulating the activity of specific transcription factors
c) Increasing RNA synthesis without a transcription factor
d) Inhibiting the function of ribosomes
Answer: b) Modulating the activity of specific transcription factors
18. Which of the following is an example of a growth factor that controls tissue homeostasis?
a) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
b) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
c) Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
d) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Answer: c) Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
19. Which of the following molecules is considered a growth factor involved in the healing of wounds?
a) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
b) Insulin
c) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
d) Cortisol
Answer: a) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
20. How do growth factors influence cell differentiation?
a) By changing the chemical composition of the cell membrane
b) By initiating signaling cascades that alter gene expression
c) By decreasing the production of proteins
d) By stopping mitotic division
Answer: b) By initiating signaling cascades that alter gene expression
21. What is the major role of growth factors in embryonic development?
a) Initiate apoptosis
b) Regulate tissue differentiation
c) Inhibit stem cell division
d) Control cell size
Answer: b) Regulate tissue differentiation
22. Which of the following is NOT a typical receptor for growth factors?
a) Tyrosine kinase receptors
b) G-protein coupled receptors
c) Ion channel receptors
d) Ion pump receptors
Answer: d) Ion pump receptors
23. How are growth factors typically secreted?
a) Actively secreted from the nucleus
b) Released by exocytosis
c) Transferred through plasmodesmata
d) Transported by receptor proteins
Answer: b) Released by exocytosis
24. What type of growth factor plays a crucial role in immune cell function?
a) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
b) Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
c) Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
d) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Answer: c) Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
25. Which growth factor is involved in promoting cell survival and preventing apoptosis?
a) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
b) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
c) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
d) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Answer: d) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
26. Which of the following growth factors is critical in controlling the formation of the blood-brain barrier during development?
a) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
b) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
c) Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
d) Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
Answer: a) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
27. Which of the following signaling pathways is activated by growth factors?
a) Wnt signaling
b) MAP kinase pathway
c) Endocytosis pathway
d) Apoptotic pathway
Answer: b) MAP kinase pathway
28. In the context of cancer, how do growth factors contribute to tumor growth?
a) By stimulating cell death in tumor cells
b) By enhancing the spread of the tumor cells
c) By promoting uncontrolled cell division
d) By inhibiting metastasis
Answer: c) By promoting uncontrolled cell division
29. Which of the following is an example of a growth factor involved in the formation of bone?
a) Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
b) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
c) Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
d) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Answer: c) Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
30. Which of the following types of cells are known to produce growth factors during wound healing?
a) Red blood cells
b) Platelets
c) Neurons
d) Erythrocytes
Answer: b) Platelets
These questions and answers cover key concepts related to growth factors, their roles in cell proliferation, tissue repair, and their broader impact on biological systems.
