1. What is the primary mechanism of action for antibiotics like penicillin?
a) Inhibition of protein synthesis
b) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
c) Inhibition of DNA replication
d) Inhibition of RNA transcription
Answer: b) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Which of the following is the main target of tetracyclines?
a) Cell wall synthesis
b) Protein synthesis
c) DNA replication
d) Folate synthesis
Answer: b) Protein synthesis
3. What is antibiotic resistance?
a) The ability of bacteria to destroy antibiotics
b) The ability of bacteria to grow faster than the antibiotics
c) The ability of bacteria to survive and multiply despite the presence of antibiotics
d) The process by which bacteria kill other bacteria
Answer: c) The ability of bacteria to survive and multiply despite the presence of antibiotics
4. Which antibiotic mechanism involves the disruption of the bacterial cell membrane?
a) Penicillins
b) Macrolides
c) Polymyxins
d) Sulfonamides
Answer: c) Polymyxins
5. Which of the following contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance?
a) Overuse and misuse of antibiotics
b) Proper completion of antibiotic treatment
c) Decreased use of antibiotics
d) Use of antibiotics in agriculture only
Answer: a) Overuse and misuse of antibiotics
6. Which bacteria are known to be resistant to methicillin, a type of antibiotic?
a) Streptococcus pneumoniae
b) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
c) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
d) Escherichia coli
Answer: c) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
7. Which of the following is NOT a method by which bacteria can acquire resistance?
a) Mutation
b) Horizontal gene transfer
c) Conjugation
d) Antibiotic treatment
Answer: d) Antibiotic treatment
8. What is the effect of beta-lactamase enzymes in antibiotic resistance?
a) They inhibit protein synthesis
b) They destroy the bacterial cell wall
c) They inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics
d) They prevent DNA replication
Answer: c) They inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics
9. Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antibiotic?
a) Penicillin
b) Vancomycin
c) Tetracycline
d) Rifampin
Answer: c) Tetracycline
10. What is the mechanism of action of sulfonamides?
a) Inhibition of DNA replication
b) Inhibition of protein synthesis
c) Inhibition of folic acid synthesis
d) Disruption of the bacterial cell membrane
Answer: c) Inhibition of folic acid synthesis
11. Which of the following best describes “resistant bacteria”?
a) Bacteria that grow at an abnormally fast rate
b) Bacteria that do not respond to antibiotics
c) Bacteria that can be killed by antibiotics
d) Bacteria that are harmless to humans
Answer: b) Bacteria that do not respond to antibiotics
12. Which mechanism is responsible for the horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance?
a) Transformation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Transformation
13. Which of the following antibiotics target the bacterial ribosome?
a) Penicillin
b) Tetracycline
c) Ciprofloxacin
d) Cephalosporins
Answer: b) Tetracycline
14. Which class of antibiotics is used to treat tuberculosis (TB)?
a) Penicillins
b) Aminoglycosides
c) Rifamycins
d) Sulfonamides
Answer: c) Rifamycins
15. What does the term “superbug” refer to?
a) A bacteria that is resistant to multiple antibiotics
b) A bacteria that produces large amounts of antibiotics
c) A virus that affects bacteria
d) A bacteria that has been genetically engineered
Answer: a) A bacteria that is resistant to multiple antibiotics
16. Which of the following bacteria are known for their resistance to vancomycin?
a) Enterococcus
b) Streptococcus
c) Escherichia coli
d) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Answer: a) Enterococcus
17. What is the purpose of using antibiotics in livestock?
a) To promote growth and prevent infections
b) To treat human diseases
c) To prevent bacterial infections in humans
d) To enhance the taste of the meat
Answer: a) To promote growth and prevent infections
18. Which of the following is a method used to prevent antibiotic resistance?
a) Random administration of antibiotics
b) Not finishing a prescribed course of antibiotics
c) Using antibiotics only when necessary and as prescribed
d) Using antibiotics without prescription
Answer: c) Using antibiotics only when necessary and as prescribed
19. Which bacterial structure is primarily involved in antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria?
a) Capsule
b) Flagella
c) Outer membrane
d) Cell wall
Answer: c) Outer membrane
20. What is an efflux pump in antibiotic resistance?
a) A protein that modifies the antibiotic to make it inactive
b) A channel that expels antibiotics out of bacterial cells
c) A structure that aids in bacterial motility
d) A mechanism for bacterial DNA replication
Answer: b) A channel that expels antibiotics out of bacterial cells
21. Which of the following is an example of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic?
a) Ampicillin
b) Cephalexin
c) Streptomycin
d) Penicillin
Answer: d) Penicillin
22. What does the term “broad-spectrum antibiotic” refer to?
a) Antibiotics that work only on specific types of bacteria
b) Antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of bacteria
c) Antibiotics that kill viruses
d) Antibiotics that treat fungal infections
Answer: b) Antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of bacteria
23. What is the role of ribosomes in bacterial protein synthesis?
a) They synthesize the bacterial cell wall
b) They produce energy for bacterial growth
c) They synthesize proteins from amino acids
d) They aid in DNA replication
Answer: c) They synthesize proteins from amino acids
24. Which of the following factors contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance in hospitals?
a) High use of antibiotics
b) Proper hygiene practices
c) Short duration of treatment
d) Low antibiotic consumption
Answer: a) High use of antibiotics
25. Which enzyme produced by bacteria inactivates penicillin?
a) Beta-lactamase
b) Amylase
c) Ligase
d) Proteinase
Answer: a) Beta-lactamase
26. What does antibiotic susceptibility testing help determine?
a) Which antibiotics are effective against a bacterial infection
b) The exact cause of bacterial infections
c) The genetic sequence of bacteria
d) The size of the bacterial colony
Answer: a) Which antibiotics are effective against a bacterial infection
27. Which of the following can cause bacterial resistance to antibiotics?
a) Natural selection
b) Gene mutation
c) Horizontal gene transfer
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
28. How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics via mutation?
a) By acquiring new genes from other bacteria
b) Through changes in their own DNA
c) By gaining access to the host’s immune system
d) By forming endospores
Answer: b) Through changes in their own DNA
29. What is the role of the bacterial cell wall in the mechanism of antibiotic resistance?
a) It prevents the antibiotic from entering the bacterial cell
b) It enables the antibiotic to bind and destroy the cell
c) It produces enzymes to break down antibiotics
d) It accelerates antibiotic absorption into the cell
Answer: a) It prevents the antibiotic from entering the bacterial cell
30. What is the significance of the emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria?
a) They are easier to treat with available antibiotics
b) They are resistant to all antibiotics, posing a major public health threat
c) They are sensitive to new antibiotics
d) They do not cause serious diseases
Answer: b) They are resistant to all antibiotics, posing a major public health threat
