1. Which of the following is the first stage of seed germination?
    a) Leaf formation
    b) Water absorption
    c) Photosynthesis
    d) Root development
    Answer: b) Water absorption
  2. The process of seed germination begins with which physiological activity?
    a) Enzyme activation
    b) Nutrient storage
    c) Dormancy
    d) Respiration
    Answer: a) Enzyme activation
  3. Which part of the seed emerges first during germination?
    a) Shoot
    b) Cotyledon
    c) Radicle
    d) Hypocotyl
    Answer: c) Radicle
  4. Which factor is NOT essential for seed germination?
    a) Oxygen
    b) Water
    c) Soil nutrients
    d) Suitable temperature
    Answer: c) Soil nutrients
  5. The type of seed germination in which the cotyledons remain underground is called:
    a) Epigeal
    b) Hypogeal
    c) Vivipary
    d) Aerial
    Answer: b) Hypogeal
  6. Epigeal germination is characteristic of which plant?
    a) Maize
    b) Bean
    c) Pea
    d) Coconut
    Answer: b) Bean
  7. Which hormone promotes seed germination?
    a) Auxin
    b) Abscisic acid
    c) Gibberellin
    d) Cytokinin
    Answer: c) Gibberellin
  8. Dormancy in seeds is broken by:
    a) Excess water
    b) Exposure to light
    c) Stratification
    d) Low oxygen
    Answer: c) Stratification
  9. What is the term for the process in which seeds take up water?
    a) Imbibition
    b) Respiration
    c) Hydrolysis
    d) Germination
    Answer: a) Imbibition
  10. The scar on the seed coat marking the site of attachment is called:
    a) Micropyle
    b) Hilum
    c) Radicle
    d) Plumule
    Answer: b) Hilum
  11. Which gas is essential for aerobic respiration during germination?
    a) Carbon dioxide
    b) Nitrogen
    c) Oxygen
    d) Hydrogen
    Answer: c) Oxygen
  12. Which structure protects the young shoot in monocot seeds?
    a) Coleoptile
    b) Coleorhiza
    c) Scutellum
    d) Endosperm
    Answer: a) Coleoptile
  13. In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain in the:
    a) Air
    b) Soil
    c) Stem
    d) Roots
    Answer: b) Soil
  14. What is the role of the endosperm during germination?
    a) Photosynthesis
    b) Nutrient storage
    c) Water transport
    d) Gas exchange
    Answer: b) Nutrient storage
  15. Seed germination in mangroves is known as:
    a) Epigeal
    b) Hypogeal
    c) Vivipary
    d) Sporogenesis
    Answer: c) Vivipary
  16. Which of the following inhibits seed germination?
    a) Auxin
    b) Cytokinin
    c) Abscisic acid
    d) Gibberellin
    Answer: c) Abscisic acid
  17. The micropyle in a seed facilitates:
    a) Water entry
    b) Gas exchange
    c) Both a and b
    d) Nutrient absorption
    Answer: c) Both a and b
  18. Scarification is a method used to:
    a) Promote seed dispersal
    b) Break seed dormancy
    c) Increase seed size
    d) Prevent germination
    Answer: b) Break seed dormancy
  19. Which is an example of a seed that requires light for germination?
    a) Lettuce
    b) Mango
    c) Coconut
    d) Pea
    Answer: a) Lettuce
  20. What happens during the elongation stage of germination?
    a) Seed coat splits
    b) Radicle elongates and forms roots
    c) Cotyledons photosynthesize
    d) Plumule develops leaves
    Answer: b) Radicle elongates and forms roots
  21. The part of the embryo that develops into the shoot is called:
    a) Radicle
    b) Plumule
    c) Cotyledon
    d) Endosperm
    Answer: b) Plumule
  22. In cereal seeds, the single cotyledon is called:
    a) Scutellum
    b) Coleoptile
    c) Coleorhiza
    d) Endosperm
    Answer: a) Scutellum
  23. What is the main environmental factor influencing seed germination?
    a) Light intensity
    b) Soil pH
    c) Temperature
    d) Wind speed
    Answer: c) Temperature
  24. What triggers enzymatic activity in seeds?
    a) Nutrients in the soil
    b) Water absorption
    c) Increased oxygen levels
    d) Exposure to light
    Answer: b) Water absorption
  25. The physiological process of converting stored food into energy in seeds is called:
    a) Respiration
    b) Transpiration
    c) Photosynthesis
    d) Osmosis
    Answer: a) Respiration
  26. Seeds of which plant require fire for germination?
    a) Pine
    b) Coconut
    c) Pea
    d) Lotus
    Answer: a) Pine
  27. Which is NOT a part of a typical seed?
    a) Embryo
    b) Seed coat
    c) Endosperm
    d) Stigma
    Answer: d) Stigma
  28. During germination, hydrolysis primarily involves:
    a) Breaking down starch into sugars
    b) Splitting water molecules
    c) Absorbing oxygen
    d) Transporting nutrients
    Answer: a) Breaking down starch into sugars
  29. A seed that germinates while still attached to the parent plant exhibits:
    a) Epigeal germination
    b) Hypogeal germination
    c) Vivipary
    d) Dormancy
    Answer: c) Vivipary
  30. The final stage of seed germination involves:
    a) Seed coat rupture
    b) Photosynthesis initiation
    c) Formation of true leaves
    d) Water absorption
    Answer: c) Formation of true leaves

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