- What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle describe?a) How populations evolve over time
b) How populations remain in genetic equilibrium
c) The mechanism of natural selection
d) The process of genetic drift
Answer: b) How populations remain in genetic equilibrium
- Which of the following is not an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?a) No mutation occurs
b) No natural selection occurs
c) Random mating takes place
d) Large population size
Answer: d) Large population size
- In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does “p” represent?a) The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
b) The frequency of heterozygous individuals
c) The frequency of the dominant allele
d) The frequency of the recessive allele
Answer: c) The frequency of the dominant allele
- In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does “q” represent?a) The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals
b) The frequency of heterozygous individuals
c) The frequency of the recessive allele
d) The frequency of the dominant allele
Answer: c) The frequency of the recessive allele
- Which equation represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?a) p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
b) p + q = 1
c) p^2 + q^2 = 1
d) p + 2pq + q = 1
Answer: a) p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
- What does the term “genetic equilibrium” mean in the context of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?a) A population where genetic variation is increasing over time
b) A population in which allele frequencies do not change
c) A population with no variation in traits
d) A population undergoing natural selection
Answer: b) A population in which allele frequencies do not change
- Which factor can cause a population to deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?a) Random mating
b) No mutation
c) Natural selection
d) Large population size
Answer: c) Natural selection
- In a population, the frequency of the dominant allele (p) is 0.7. What is the frequency of the recessive allele (q)?a) 0.7
b) 0.3
c) 1.0
d) 0.5
Answer: b) 0.3
- What is the expected frequency of heterozygous individuals in a population where the frequency of the dominant allele (p) is 0.7 and the recessive allele (q) is 0.3?a) 0.21
b) 0.49
c) 0.42
d) 0.09
Answer: c) 0.42
- If the frequency of a recessive allele is 0.2 in a population, what is the frequency of individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype?a) 0.04
b) 0.2
c) 0.16
d) 0.8
Answer: c) 0.16
- Which of the following can alter allele frequencies in a population, according to the Hardy-Weinberg principle?a) Mutation
b) Non-random mating
c) Genetic drift
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
- If a population follows the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following must be true?a) The population size is small
b) There is no gene flow
c) Allele frequencies change over time
d) There is random mating
Answer: d) There is random mating
- In a Hardy-Weinberg population, the frequency of the dominant allele (p) is 0.6. What is the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals?a) 0.36
b) 0.6
c) 0.72
d) 0.4
Answer: a) 0.36
- What is the frequency of heterozygous individuals in a population where p = 0.6 and q = 0.4?a) 0.48
b) 0.24
c) 0.36
d) 0.16
Answer: c) 0.48
- If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what would the frequency of the recessive phenotype be if the frequency of the recessive allele (q) is 0.3?a) 0.09
b) 0.30
c) 0.42
d) 0.7
Answer: a) 0.09
- Which of the following is an example of genetic drift?a) A natural disaster reduces population size, changing allele frequencies.
b) A new trait increases reproductive success in a population.
c) Alleles spread from one population to another.
d) Organisms adapt to their environment.
Answer: a) A natural disaster reduces population size, changing allele frequencies.
- Which of the following factors does not influence Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?a) Large population size
b) No mutations
c) Random mating
d) Natural selection
Answer: d) Natural selection
- What does the term “p^2” represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?a) The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals
b) The frequency of heterozygous individuals
c) The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
d) The frequency of the recessive allele
Answer: a) The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals
- Which scenario violates the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?a) A population with random mating and no mutations
b) A population with no migration and natural selection
c) A population with a large size and random mating
d) A population with genetic drift and mutation
Answer: d) A population with genetic drift and mutation
- In a population of 1,000 individuals, the frequency of the dominant allele is 0.7. How many individuals are expected to have the homozygous dominant genotype?a) 490
b) 700
c) 240
d) 300
Answer: a) 490
- What assumption does the Hardy-Weinberg principle make about mutations?a) Mutations are happening at a constant rate.
b) Mutations do not occur at all.
c) Mutations occur and cause evolutionary change.
d) Mutations occur and are neutral.
Answer: b) Mutations do not occur at all.
- What would be the result of genetic drift in a small population?a) Allele frequencies would remain constant.
b) Allele frequencies would become more variable.
c) There would be no evolutionary change.
d) Evolution would occur at a slower rate.
Answer: b) Allele frequencies would become more variable.
- Which of the following is most likely to cause a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population?a) Random mating
b) Large population size
c) Mutation or gene flow
d) No mutation
Answer: c) Mutation or gene flow
- The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes no gene flow. What is gene flow?a) The random exchange of alleles between populations
b) The movement of individuals into or out of a population
c) The change in allele frequencies due to selection
d) The random distribution of alleles
Answer: b) The movement of individuals into or out of a population
- What does the term “q^2” represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?a) The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals
b) The frequency of heterozygous individuals
c) The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
d) The frequency of the dominant allele
Answer: c) The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
- If a population’s allele frequencies change due to natural selection, what happens to the population?a) It remains in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
b) It goes extinct.
c) Evolution occurs.
d) It maintains genetic equilibrium.
Answer: c) Evolution occurs.
- What is the main purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg principle in evolutionary biology?a) To predict the genotype frequencies after evolution
b) To estimate the rate of natural selection in a population
c) To provide a baseline for comparing genetic changes
d) To demonstrate how mutations arise
Answer: c) To provide a baseline for comparing genetic changes
- If the frequency of the recessive allele is 0.2, what would be the frequency of heterozygous individuals?a) 0.4
b) 0.2
c) 0.6
d) 0.16
Answer: a) 0.4
- Which of the following is most likely to violate Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?a) A large population size
b) Random mating
c) No mutation
d) A small population size
Answer: d) A small population size
- Which of the following would cause a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?a) Mutations and migration
b) No mutation and random mating
c) Non-random mating and genetic drift
d) Natural selection and genetic drift
Answer: b) No mutation and random mating
